Auto merge of #26002 - Manishearth:rollup, r=Manishearth

- Successful merges: #25900, #25987, #25988, #25990, #25994, #26000
- Failed merges:

AUTHORS.txt

@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ Hajime Morrita <omo@dodgson.org>
 Hanno Braun <mail@hannobraun.de>
 Harry Marr <harry.marr@gmail.com>
 Heather <heather@cynede.net>
-Heejong Ahn <heejongahn@gmail.com
+Heejong Ahn <heejongahn@gmail.com>
 Henrik Schopmans <h.schopmans@googlemail.com>
 Herman J. Radtke III <herman@hermanradtke.com>
 HeroesGrave <heroesgrave@gmail.com>

src/doc/reference.md

@@ -3599,6 +3599,147 @@ The notation `&self` is a shorthand for `self: &Self`. In this case,
 in the impl, `Self` refers to the value of type `String` that is the
 receiver for a call to the method `make_string`.
 
+## Subtyping
+
+Subtyping is implicit and can occur at any stage in type checking or
+inference. Subtyping in Rust is very restricted and occurs only due to
+variance with respect to lifetimes and between types with higher ranked
+lifetimes. If we were to erase lifetimes from types, then the only subtyping
+would be due to type equality.
+
+Consider the following example: string literals always have `'static`
+lifetime. Nevertheless, we can assign `s` to `t`:
+
+```
+fn bar<'a>() {
+    let s: &'static str = "hi";
+    let t: &'a str = s;
+}
+```
+Since `'static` "lives longer" than `'a`, `&'static str` is a subtype of
+`&'a str`.
+
+## Type coercions
+
+Coercions are defined in [RFC401]. A coercion is implicit and has no syntax.
+
+[RFC401]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0401-coercions.md
+
+### Coercion sites
+
+A coercion can only occur at certain coercion sites in a program; these are
+typically places where the desired type is explicit or can be dervied by
+propagation from explicit types (without type inference). Possible coercion
+sites are:
+
+* `let` statements where an explicit type is given.
+
+    In `let _: U = e;`, `e` is coerced to have type `U`.
+
+* `static` and `const` statements (similar to `let` statements).
+
+* arguments for function calls.
+
+    The value being coerced is the
+    actual parameter and it is coerced to the type of the formal parameter. For
+    example, let `foo` be defined as `fn foo(x: U) { ... }` and call it as
+    `foo(e);`. Then `e` is coerced to have type `U`;
+
+* instantiations of struct or variant fields.
+
+    Assume we have a `struct
+    Foo { x: U }` and instantiate it as `Foo { x: e }`. Then `e` is coerced to
+    have type `U`.
+
+* function results (either the final line of a block if it is not semicolon
+terminated or any expression in a `return` statement).
+
+    In `fn foo() -> U { e }`, `e` is coerced to to have type `U`.
+
+If the expression in one of these coercion sites is a coercion-propagating
+expression, then the relevant sub-expressions in that expression are also
+coercion sites. Propagation recurses from these new coercion sites.
+Propagating expressions and their relevant sub-expressions are:
+
+* array literals, where the array has type `[U; n]`. Each sub-expression in
+the array literal is a coercion site for coercion to type `U`.
+
+* array literals with repeating syntax, where the array has type `[U; n]`. The
+repeated sub-expression is a coercion site for coercion to type `U`.
+
+* tuples, where a tuple is a coercion site to type `(U_0, U_1, ..., U_n)`.
+Each sub-expression is a coercion site to the respective type, e.g. the
+zeroth sub-expression is a coercion site to type `U_0`.
+
+* parenthesised sub-expressions (`(e)`). If the expression has type `U`, then
+the sub-expression is a coercion site to `U`.
+
+* blocks. If a block has type `U`, then the last expression in the block (if
+it is not semicolon-terminated) is a coercion site to `U`. This includes
+blocks which are part of control flow statements, such as `if`/`else`, if
+the block has a known type.
+
+### Coercion types
+
+Coercion is allowed between the following types:
+
+* `T` to `U` if `T` is a subtype of `U` (*reflexive case*).
+
+* `T_1` to `T_3` where `T_1` coerces to `T_2` and `T_2` coerces to `T_3`
+(*transitive case*).
+
+    Note that this is not fully supported yet
+
+* `&mut T` to `&T`.
+
+* `*mut T` to `*const T`.
+
+* `&T` to `*const T`.
+
+* `&mut T` to `*mut T`.
+
+* `&T` to `&U` if `T` implements `Deref<Target = U>`. For example:
+
+```rust
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+struct CharContainer {
+    value: char
+}
+
+impl Deref for CharContainer {
+    type Target = char;
+
+    fn deref<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a char {
+        &self.value
+    }
+}
+
+fn foo(arg: &char) {}
+
+fn main() {
+    let x = &mut CharContainer { value: 'y' };
+    foo(x); //&mut CharContainer is coerced to &char.
+}
+```
+* `&mut T` to `&mut U` if `T` implements `DerefMut<Target = U>`.
+
+* TyCtor(`T`) to TyCtor(coerce_inner(`T`)), where TyCtor(`T`) is one of
+    - `&T`
+    - `&mut T`
+    - `*const T`
+    - `*mut T`
+    - `Box<T>`
+
+    and where
+    - coerce_inner(`[T, ..n]`) = `[T]`
+    - coerce_inner(`T`) = `U` where `T` is a concrete type which implements the
+    trait `U`.
+
+    In the future, coerce_inner will be recursively extended to tuples and
+    structs. In addition, coercions from sub-traits to super-traits will be
+    added. See [RFC401] for more details.
+
 # Special traits
 
 Several traits define special evaluation behavior.

src/libcore/result.rs

@@ -223,7 +223,9 @@
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
-//! `try!` is imported by the prelude, and is available everywhere.
+//! `try!` is imported by the prelude and is available everywhere, but it can only
+//! be used in functions that return `Result` because of the early return of
+//! `Err` that it provides.
 
 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 

src/librustc_typeck/check/dropck.rs

@@ -238,14 +238,12 @@ fn ensure_drop_predicates_are_implied_by_item_defn<'tcx>(
 /// Let `v` be some value (either temporary or named) and 'a be some
 /// lifetime (scope). If the type of `v` owns data of type `D`, where
 ///
-///   (1.) `D` has a lifetime- or type-parametric Drop implementation, and
-///   (2.) the structure of `D` can reach a reference of type `&'a _`, and
-///   (3.) either:
-///
-///     (A.) the Drop impl for `D` instantiates `D` at 'a directly,
+/// * (1.) `D` has a lifetime- or type-parametric Drop implementation, and
+/// * (2.) the structure of `D` can reach a reference of type `&'a _`, and
+/// * (3.) either:
+///   * (A.) the Drop impl for `D` instantiates `D` at 'a directly,
 ///          i.e. `D<'a>`, or,
-///
-///     (B.) the Drop impl for `D` has some type parameter with a
+///   * (B.) the Drop impl for `D` has some type parameter with a
 ///          trait bound `T` where `T` is a trait that has at least
 ///          one method,
 ///

src/libstd/macros.rs

@@ -117,7 +117,34 @@ macro_rules! println {
 }
 
 /// Helper macro for unwrapping `Result` values while returning early with an
-/// error if the value of the expression is `Err`.
+/// error if the value of the expression is `Err`. Can only be used in
+/// functions that return `Result` because of the early return of `Err` that
+/// it provides.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::io;
+/// use std::fs::File;
+/// use std::io::prelude::*;
+///
+/// fn write_to_file_using_try() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
+///     try!(file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends."));
+///     println!("I wrote to the file");
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// // This is equivalent to:
+/// fn write_to_file_using_match() -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
+///     match file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.") {
+///         Ok(_) => (),
+///         Err(e) => return Err(e),
+///     }
+///     println!("I wrote to the file");
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
 #[macro_export]
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 macro_rules! try {

src/libstd/sync/rwlock.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ use sys_common::rwlock as sys;
 /// of the underlying data (exclusive access) and the read portion of this lock
 /// typically allows for read-only access (shared access).
 ///
+/// The priority policy of the lock is dependent on the underlying operating
+/// system's implementation, and this type does not guarantee that any
+/// particular policy will be used.
+///
 /// The type parameter `T` represents the data that this lock protects. It is
 /// required that `T` satisfies `Send` to be shared across threads and `Sync` to
 /// allow concurrent access through readers. The RAII guards returned from the

src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs

@@ -2070,10 +2070,9 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             }
             _ => {
                 if try!(self.eat_lt()){
-
                     let (qself, path) =
                         try!(self.parse_qualified_path(LifetimeAndTypesWithColons));
-
+                    hi = path.span.hi;
                     return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo, hi, ExprPath(Some(qself), path)));
                 }
                 if try!(self.eat_keyword(keywords::Move) ){