feat(sdk-trace-base)!: Add parentSpanContext and remove parentSpanId

[JacksonWeber]

Which problem is this PR solving?

This PR adds the parentSpanContext to the Span and ReadableSpan in order to adhere to the OTel spec. And removes the parentSpanId as it is now redundant.

Targets main OTel branch and will be accompanies another PR against the 1.x branch: #5422.

Fixes #5345

Please include a summary of the change and which issue is fixed. Please also include relevant motivation and context. List any dependencies that are required for this change.

Type of change

Please delete options that are not relevant.

• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

How Has This Been Tested?

Existing tests have been updated to include checks for the new parentSpanContext values and remove those checks for the former parentSpanId value.

Checklist:

• Followed the style guidelines of this project
• Unit tests have been added
• Documentation has been updated

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 94.97%. Comparing base (14d55d8) to head (b2f9673).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #5450   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   94.97%   94.97%           
=======================================
  Files         309      309           
  Lines        8017     8021    +4     
  Branches     1706     1711    +5     
=======================================
+ Hits         7614     7618    +4     
  Misses        403      403           

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...al/packages/otlp-transformer/src/trace/internal.ts	98.46% <100.00%> (+0.07%)	⬆️
...ges/opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger/src/transform.ts	93.33% <100.00%> (ø)
...ges/opentelemetry-exporter-zipkin/src/transform.ts	91.17% <100.00%> (+0.26%)	⬆️
packages/opentelemetry-sdk-trace-base/src/Span.ts	97.70% <100.00%> (ø)
...ackages/opentelemetry-sdk-trace-base/src/Tracer.ts	98.59% <100.00%> (ø)
...y-sdk-trace-base/src/export/ConsoleSpanExporter.ts	82.35% <ø> (ø)

[pichlermarc]

@JacksonWeber it seems that one of the commits modified file permissions (possibly something wrong with your git settings?)