chore(build): re-add #4127 and steps to verify image pull

[lippertmarkus]

Like discussed the pull error from #4216 seems to be caused by a rare corner-case where the Docker Hub failed somehow when the image was pushed. I don't think a specific change broke it as pulling the latest-images did work even before the revert of #4127.

• I re-added the changes from chore(build): Pre-push temporary manifest with linux/amd64. Fixes #4062 #4127 which you reverted
• I added a step which tries pulling all linux/amd64 and windows images after publishing to avoid such errors in the future

Example run: https://github.com/lippertmarkus/argo/actions/runs/289933647

You may also want to cherry-pick this to release-2.11.

Checklist:

• Either (a) I've created an enhancement proposal and discussed it with the community, (b) this is a bug fix, or (c) this is a chore.
• The title of the PR is (a) conventional, (b) states what changed, and (c) suffixes the related issues number. E.g. "fix(controller): Updates such and such. Fixes #1234".
• My organization is added to USERS.md.
• I've signed the CLA.
• I have written unit and/or e2e tests for my change. PRs without these are unlikely to be merged.
• My builds are green. Try syncing with master if they are not.