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EPUB: Use a more realistic demo book
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234 changes: 165 additions & 69 deletions demo/epub/annotations.js
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text: "simulate",
comment: "Accomplished!",
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text: "This particular ebook",
comment: "",
text: "A recent review of the AI literature",
comment: "Read this paper",
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text: "ebook is based on a transcription",
comment: "",
text: "networks , clusters",
comment: "Markup mistake",
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comment: "Good illustration",
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text: "Etymology\n\t\t\t\t(Supplied by a Late Consumptive Usher to a Grammar School)",
comment: "useful information",
text: "Gasser U, Almeida VAF (2017) A layered model for AI governance. IEEE Internet Comput 21:58–62. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​MIC.​2017.​4180835",
comment: "Check this out?",
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text: "Call me Ishmael.",
text: "A report to the President of the United States set the tone by highlighting the economic advantages and suggesting that “AI has the potential to double annual economic growth rates in the countries analyzed by 2035”",
comment: "Optimistic?",
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text: "Human flourishing in the broad sense used here is something that I believe most people can sign up to. It does not commit us to a particular way of life or require the adoption of a particular ethical position. It does not prevent us from using other ethical theories, including deontology and utilitarianism , to assess ethical questions (Bynum 2006). It is compatible with various theoretical positions beyond the three (critical theory , capability theory , RRI) introduced here. The choice of human flourishing was guided by the need to find an ethical language that can find traction across disciplinary, national, cultural and other boundaries. AI technologies are global and pervasive, but they have an impact at the local and individual level. An approach to the ethics of AI that aims to provide general guidance therefore needs to be able to build bridges across these many global divides, which I hope the idea of flourishing does.",
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comment: "What does this mean?",
text: "Delphi studies normally involve several rounds of interaction",
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text: "Cost to innovation",
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text: "“By the thirteenth of May our ship was ready to sail, and the next day we were out in the open sea, on our way to Ochotsh. The weather was very clear and fine, but so intolerably cold that we were obliged to keep on our fur clothing. For some days we had very little wind; it was not till the nineteenth that a brisk gale from the northwest sprang up. An uncommon large whale, the body of which was larger than the ship itself, lay almost at the surface of the water, but was not perceived by anyone on board till the moment when the ship, which was in full sail, was almost upon him, so that it was impossible to prevent its striking against him. We were thus placed in the most imminent danger, as this gigantic creature, setting up its back, raised the ship three feet at least out of the water. The masts reeled, and the sails fell altogether, while we who were below all sprang instantly upon the deck, concluding that we had struck upon some rock; instead of this we saw the monster sailing off with the utmost gravity and solemnity. Captain D’Wolf applied immediately to the pumps to examine whether or not the vessel had received any damage from the shock, but we found that very happily it had escaped entirely uninjured.”\n\t\t\tNow, the Captain D’Wolf here alluded to as commanding the ship in question, is a New Englander, who, after a long life of unusual adventures as a sea-captain, this day resides in the village of Dorchester near Boston. I have the honor of being a nephew of his. I have particularly questioned him concerning this passage in Langsdorff. He substantiates every word. The ship, however, was by no means a large one: a Russian craft built on the Siberian coast, and purchased by my uncle after bartering away the vessel in which he sailed from home.",
text: "Another basic category of ethical issues in the digital world is that of freedom",
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text: "In due time the boats were lowered; but as standing in his shallop’s stern, Ahab just hovered upon the point of the descent, he waved to the mate—who held one of the tackle-ropes on deck—and bade him pause.\n\t\t\t“Starbuck!”",
text: "An intervention at some point of the ecosystem can have unexpected consequences that may have the opposite effect to that intended.",
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text: "The ten capabilities required for flourishing, according to Nussbaum, are life; bodily health; bodily integrity; senses, imagination and thought; emotions; practical reason; affiliation; other species (e.g. connection to animals and nature); play; and control over one’s environment (Nussbaum 2000: 78–80).",
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text: "See subsequent chapters for something more on this head.",
comment: "Endnotes with links",
text: "We therefore cannot assume that there is an a priori way of determining whether people are flourishing, so we need to concede that this is at least partly an empirical matter which is also subject to change over time. People’s moral perceptions and positions change, while AI ecosystems are realised within the shifting boundaries of ethical preferences. At present this may best be illustrated using the different privacy and data protection regimes in different parts of the world, which arguably reflect different social preferences and give rise to interesting debates about what, if anything, is universal and should be applied across geographical and other boundaries. For instance, the right to privacy is recognised as a human right in the European Convention on Human Rights , which provides a strong basis for data protection as a crucial component of safeguarding informational privacy . In the EU data protection is regulated through the General Data Protection Regulation, which provides detailed guidance and requires certain activities and procedures, such as the need to have a legal basis for the processing of data and requirements to undertake data protection impact assessments and appoint data protection officers. The European emphasis on data protection is likely to strongly influence how AI will be regulated (EDPS 2020). In other parts of the world privacy and data protection have different roles and relevance. While data protection legislation exists in many jurisdictions, its extent and enforcement varies. In China, for example, privacy laws protect citizens’ data from abuse by third parties, but they do not cover governmental data access and use (Gal 2020).",
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text: "I remember the first albatross I ever saw.",
comment: "Don't we all",
text: "In addition, there is a need for the procedural knowledge that is required to address ethical issues . This is knowledge of how to organise the processes that are required to deal with ethical questions. For instance, if discrimination possibilities are to be reduced to increase human flourishing, the governance options to achieve this need to be known, from legal solutions to technical solutions.\n\nProcedural knowledge should also cover other aspects of reflecting on and evaluating science and technology. Drawing on the discourse on responsible research and innovation , one can identify some important processes that may contribute to ensuring that ethical issues can be recognised and dealt with. These include anticipation, engagement, reflexivity and responsiveness (Stilgoe et al. 2013).\n\nProcesses of anticipation are required for a structured way of thinking about possible future states that will inform the way in which we act today and prepare for the future. These processes should not be misinterpreted as simple predictions that try to guess what the future will look like. Accurate predictions are notoriously difficult, if not impossible, and the literature is littered with predictions that have turned out to be wrong and in hindsight tend to look ridiculous, such as the prediction by the president of IBM in 1943 that there would be a world market for maybe five computers, or the statement by the chairman of Digital Equipment Corporation in 1977 that there was no reason for anyone to want a computer in their home (Himanen 2001: 187). Processes of anticipation are based on the recognition of the impossibility of prediction. They nevertheless aim to explore possible futures, to help societies decide which actions to take today (Cuhls 2003). There are well-established discourses and academic disciplines that have developed methods for future and foresight studies (Sardar 2010), some of which explicitly focus on the ethical issues of emerging technologies (Brey 2011, Floridi and Strait 2020). For instance, Flick et al. (2020) explore a wide range of resources, including academic publications, but also social media discussions, to identify expected technical developments in the field of ICT for ageing and ethical concerns that may arise from these. This type of work opens up spaces of possibilities without committing itself to one particular outcome. It is useful in raising awareness and sensitivity to both technical and social or ethical developments and therefore offers the likelihood that these can be shaped appropriately. This type of work can benefit AI ecosystems , but for this to happen, the knowledge of how to undertake anticipatory work needs to be available within the ecosystem.\n\nOne of the processes with the potential to draw knowledge into the AI ethics ecosystem is the engagement of all stakeholders. “Engagement” refers to activities that bring together different stakeholders in an open manner for a mutually informative exchange of ideas. The importance of engagement in science, research and technology development is long established (Arnstein 1969, Hart et al. 2009, Bickerstaff et al. 2010, Van Est 2011, Boulton et al. 2012). Certain aspects of engagement are also well established in technical disciplines, for example in the form of user engagement or user experience research, which form part of computer science, the parent discipline of AI (Haenlein and Kaplan 2019). However, in order to undertake engagement activities in a way that is ethically sensitive and can contribute to an AI ecosystem so as to promote human flourishing, they need to be employed carefully. Engagement in science and technology development is sometimes limited to exercises for the public understanding of science, which aim to inform the public about scientific insights or technical achievements. There is nothing wrong with such exercises, but they are only one part of public engagement, which, in order to live up to ethical expectations, needs to facilitate and open two-way communication, with researchers and other stakeholders being willing to engage, listen and respond to each other and take positions seriously. If this is not done in an inclusive manner, important knowledge to be gained about the AI ethics ecosystem might be lost.\n\nWhile such an open engagement process promises both better understanding of the ecosystem through a broadening of the knowledge base and higher levels of acceptability of the resulting research and technologies, there is no guarantee that these will be achieved. Public debates about science, research and technology in many other areas, such as genetically modified organisms, nuclear energy and nanotechnology, show that engagement activities can be highly charged and conflictual (Van Est 2011). The potential for fundamental disagreements on underlying values, aims or desired outcomes pervades all such stakeholder engagements , whether high-profile at a national or international level or conducted at a local or organisational level.",
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