feat : jwt 인증 실패 핸들러 추가

- jwt 인증 실패 핸들러 추가
Open #12

backend/core/src/main/java/site/timecapsulearchive/core/global/security/jwt/JwtAuthenticationFailureHandler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package site.timecapsulearchive.core.global.security.jwt;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.security.core.AuthenticationException;
+import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AuthenticationFailureHandler;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import site.timecapsulearchive.core.global.common.response.ErrorCode;
+import site.timecapsulearchive.core.global.common.response.ErrorResponse;
+
+@Component
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class JwtAuthenticationFailureHandler implements AuthenticationFailureHandler {
+
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+
+    @Override
+    public void onAuthenticationFailure(
+        HttpServletRequest request,
+        HttpServletResponse response,
+        AuthenticationException exception
+    ) throws IOException {
+        SecurityContextHolder.clearContext();
+
+        ErrorResponse errorResponse = ErrorResponse.create(
+            ErrorCode.INVALID_TOKEN_EXCEPTION.getCode(),
+            exception.getMessage()
+        );
+
+        response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        response.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8_VALUE);
+
+        response.getWriter()
+            .write(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(errorResponse));
+    }
+}