Support static linking with glibc and target-feature=+crt-static

With this change, it's possible to build on a linux-gnu target and pass
RUSTFLAGS='-C target-feature=+crt-static' or the equivalent via a
`.cargo/config.toml` file, and get a statically linked executable.

Update to libc 0.2.78, which adds support for static linking with glibc.

Add `crt_static_respected` to the `linux_base` target spec.

Update `android_base` and `linux_musl_base` accordingly. Avoid enabling
crt_static_respected on Android platforms, since that hasn't been
tested.

compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/android_base.rs

@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ pub fn opts() -> TargetOptions {
     base.position_independent_executables = true;
     base.has_elf_tls = false;
     base.requires_uwtable = true;
+    base.crt_static_respected = false;
     base
 }

compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/linux_base.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ pub fn opts() -> TargetOptions {
         position_independent_executables: true,
         relro_level: RelroLevel::Full,
         has_elf_tls: true,
+        crt_static_respected: true,
         ..Default::default()
     }
 }

compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/linux_musl_base.rs

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ pub fn opts() -> TargetOptions {
 
     // These targets statically link libc by default
     base.crt_static_default = true;
-    // These targets allow the user to choose between static and dynamic linking.
-    base.crt_static_respected = true;
 
     base
 }

library/std/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ cfg-if = { version = "0.1.8", features = ['rustc-dep-of-std'] }
 panic_unwind = { path = "../panic_unwind", optional = true }
 panic_abort = { path = "../panic_abort" }
 core = { path = "../core" }
-libc = { version = "0.2.77", default-features = false, features = ['rustc-dep-of-std'] }
+libc = { version = "0.2.78", default-features = false, features = ['rustc-dep-of-std'] }
 compiler_builtins = { version = "0.1.35" }
 profiler_builtins = { path = "../profiler_builtins", optional = true }
 unwind = { path = "../unwind" }