Rust 2020 roadmap

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+# Rust 2020 Roadmap RFC Draft
+
+- Feature Name: N/A
+- Start Date: 2019-01-22
+- RFC PR: [rust-lang/rfcs#0000](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/0000)
+- Rust Issue: [rust-lang/rust#0000](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/0000)
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Lays out the Rust roadmap for 2020 in pursuit of our mission
+to empower everyone to build reliable and efficient software.
+The roadmap takes the form of the following goals for the project:
+
+* Prepare for a possible Rust 2021 Edition
+* Follow-through on in-progress designs and efforts
+* Improve project functioning and governance:
+  * Improve visibility into the state of initiatives and design efforts
+  * Increase mentoring, leadership, and organizational bandwidth
+  * Make design discussions more productive and less exhausting 
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+Every year, the Rust project plans out a roadmap, in accordance with
+[RFC 1728]. The goal of the roadmap is to
+
+* Align the Rust project on our priorities in the coming year, to help
+  teams focus their efforts on addressing the most prominent problems
+* Communicate these priorities to the community and outside world
+
+To that end, the roadmap describes the general goals that we believe the
+teams ought to be pursuing. These goals were chosen based on a number of
+sources:
+
+[RFC 1728]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1728-north-star.html
+
+* Preliminary analysis of the [2019 survey], which took place in
+  December.
+* The [many #rust2020 blog posts][rust2020] written in response to our
+  [call for blog posts].
+* The thoughts and inputs from the members of the various Rust teams.
+
+[2019 survey]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2019/12/03/survey-launch.html
+[rust2020]: https://readrust.net/rust-2020/
+[call for blog posts]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2019/10/29/A-call-for-blogs-2020.html
+
+The roadmap is not meant to be "exclusive" -- that is, it's not the
+case that every single thing we do must tie in some way to the
+roadmap. But we do expect that our largest efforts will be put towards
+addressing the roadmap goals.
+
+## Structure of the roadmap
+
+The roadmap this year is based around a few central themes. These goals
+are intentionally rather broad -- they are meant to be interpreted
+throughout the year by the various teams, as they make decisions about
+what to pursue.
+
+The roadmap does not contain specific technical details or
+proposals. We encourage the individual teams to post their thoughts
+about goals and ongoing projects for 2020, either in the form of
+[Inside Rust] blog posts or as [internals] threads.
+
+[Inside Rust]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/index.html
+[internals]: https://internals.rust-lang.org/
+
+# The goals
+
+We have laid out three 'major goals' for Rust in 2020:
+
+* Prepare for a possible Rust 2021 Edition
+* Follow-through on in-progress designs and efforts
+* Improve project functioning and governance:
+  * Improve visibility into the state of initiatives and design efforts
+  * Increase mentoring, leadership, and organizational bandwidth
+  * Make design discussions more productive and less exhausting 
+
+## Prepare for a Rust 2021 edition
+
+[Editions] were established as a means to help communicate the progress of
+the Rust language and provide a rallying point for overarching pieces of work.
+One of our goals for this year should be plan out any changes that we
+wish to make as part of the next Rust edition. If we are to continue
+the three-year cadence established with the release of Rust 2018, then
+the next edition would be released in 2021.
+
+[Editions]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2052-epochs.html
+
+One thing that we learned quite clearly from the experience of Rust
+2018 was the importance of preparation. If we wish to do a Rust 2021
+edition, we need to be planning for it now. **The goal should be that
+any changes we wish to make in Rust 2021 are completed by October of
+2020**. Completed here means that the changes are available on
+Nightly. This leaves 2021 to do tooling and polish work, such as lints
+that will port code forward.
+
+We have not yet formally decided to do an edition. **One specific scenario
+where we *would* expect to go forward with an edition is if we have work
+landed by October 2020 that relies on one.** The final decision will
+be made in October with an RFC, and it will be based on the work that
+has been completed until that date.
+
+**What might an edition contain?** We've got a number of "in progress"
+language design features that may require minor changes tied to an
+edition, but this list is by no means exhaustive:
+
+* Error handling, which could potentially see the introduction of new syntactic
+  forms;
+* Improvements to the trait system;
+* Improvements to unsafe code, which might involve introducing new syntax like
+  the `&raw` form proposed in [RFC 2582].
+
+[RFC 2582]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2582-raw-reference-mir-operator.html
+[#57893]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57893
+
+One goal for this year, then, is to flesh out those areas in more detail and
+decide what changes, if any, we would like to do for Rust 2021. It is key to
+identify and plan out the changes we want to make sufficiently early that the
+tooling and documentation around these changes has time to mature before
+shipping.
+
+**Editions and our stability promises.** Note that, as ever, issuing a
+new edition does not mean that old code stops compiling. Furthermore,
+any edition-related change would require appropriate tooling to help
+people transition their code, though the tooling might not be
+completed this year.
+
+## Follow-through with in-progress designs and efforts
+
+> I work with Rust for several years. The language is great, the
+> tooling is superb, but I have one growing uneasy feeling too. There
+> are several features that are almost ready, but not there yet. They
+> are in this state for a long time.
+>
+> -- [vorner](https://vorner.github.io/2019/11/12/rust-2020.html)
+
+A major theme highlighted in numerous blog posts and team member's
+feedback is the tendency for Rust efforts to sometimes "get stuck"
+without being fully completed. Over the years, Rust has accumulated a
+number of "almost complete" efforts -- these range from
+language/library features to compiler refactorings to community
+projects.
+
+One of our goals for this year is to reduce this backlog of "in
+progress" ideas, whether by implementing them or by explicitly opting
+to reject or postpone the idea. This does not mean that we should not
+accept any new work, but we should have a high level goal in mind of
+finishing the year with less, rather than more, "planned" work.
+
+There are several motivations here. First, the set of "in-progress"
+designs and efforts already encompasses the most hotly desired
+features and initiatives. But further, stalled work can be
+demotivating and confusing. When an initiative spans over several
+years, it becomes harder and harder to track the current the state and
+to remember all of the key design constraints. This in turn hinders
+participation in the Rust project and makes it harder to figure out
+what is going on (see also: the goal of improving visibility into the
+state of our initiatives and design efforts).
+
+## Improve project functioning, governance, and visibility
+
+> Organizational work is at the core of everything else that happens in the project, and above all else this seems to be the one thing we should keep improving. We’re growing fast, and our organization needs to grow with it.
+>
+> -- [Yoshua Wuyts](https://blog.yoshuawuyts.com/rust-2020/)
+
+The Rust project has grown dramatically over the last few years, in every dimension:
+
+* We have more users than ever before.
+* We are seeing many more companies -- and much larger companies -- adopting Rust.
+* Our organization and Rust teams have grown.
+
+This is great news! But with this growth comes challenges.  We are
+finding that it is harder and harder to ensure communication across
+the organization. It can often be challenging to find enough people to
+do the work we would like to get done, which in turn leads to burnout
+or people leaving the project. We've identified three major goals that
+we think will help.
+
+### Improve visibility into the state of initiatives and design efforts
+
+Right now it is very difficult to answer questions like "what are the
+active efforts and how can I help" to "what is the status of feature
+X". This is true both for folks who are deeply embedded in the Rust
+organization and for newcomers.
+
+There are many ways to improve visibility, but the most basic step is
+simply expending more effort on posting updates and documenting the
+status.  Things like the Inside Rust blog are helpful here, and we
+should look for other ways to incorporate lightweight status updates
+into our workflows.
+
+### Increase mentoring, leadership, and organizational bandwidth
+
+One common challenge for us is that we seem to lack enough people to
+get the work done that we would like to get done. But what we're
+missing is not just *any* people, it's people who can help to do the
+"leadership" work that knits the project together.
+
+This work takes many forms. Sometimes it is technical, such as writing
+mentoring instructions on issues, but more often it is organizational,
+such as running meetings, posting blog posts (see the previous point),
+or making plans.
+
+We have made great progress over the years by intentionally focusing
+on the "on-ramp" to contribution, through efforts like tagging E-easy
+issues. We've made more limited progress on helping people "step up"
+towards leadership roles.
+
+Part of the problem here is money. One of the biggest challenges
+around organizational work is that it is quite demanding in terms of
+time. It requires availability. It is difficult to do in your spare
+time. Therefore, helping to ensure that it is easier for people to get
+paid for their work on Rust -- and especially their **organizational**
+work -- is one way we might make progress here.
+
+However, it's worth emphasizing that this doesn't necessarily mean
+people whose job description is *solely* to work on Rust. There are
+many companies using Rust, and many of them would like to help out,
+but we need to do better at harnessing and directing those efforts.
+As Parity put it in their #rust2020 post:
+
+> “We, too, have team members who are interested in helping on
+> specialization or fixing the aforementioned bugs. However, it’s
+> often unclear whether the work is worthwhile. To a business, it is
+> hard to argue that one might spend a month or two working on a new
+> feature without any assurance that the approach taken would be
+> accepted.”
+>
+> -- [Benjamin Kampmann, speaking for Parity](https://www.parity.io/rust-2020/)
+
+### Make design discussions more productive and less exhausting
+
+> An RFC, or "request for comments" is a mechanism by which a group of
+> people can get feedback from a wider community on proposed
+> changes. The idea is that a written proposal outlines a change's
+> scope, implementation details, rationale and impact on the
+> ecosystem, then people make comments on the proposal. Usually by the
+> time that everybody has stopped shouting at each other, the RFC is
+> ready to be merged, meaning it is accepted and its vision can be
+> implemented. This can either be implementing a feature, or removing
+> unstable flags from it.
+>
+> -- [spacekookie](https://spacekookie.de/blog/rust-2020-the-rfc-process-and-distributions/)
+
+The RFC process has been a crucial part of Rust's organization for a
+long time. The process of documenting and talking over our designs is
+often very helpful for improving the design and sometimes leads to
+dramatic changes. Many other languages have adopted RFCs and
+explicitly cited Rust as precedent.
+
+Of course, we also have ample evidence that the RFC process as
+presently practiced does not work well for larger-scale or
+controversial designs. Last year we put a lot of energy into thinking
+about techniques for improving the process, and this year we need to
+put more of that energy into actually making those changes.
+
+# Yearly calendar
+
+Here is a rough calendar of major events in the planning of Rust. Note
+that we have attempted to move up some of the Rust 2021 planning --
+e.g., the survey, edition, and so forth -- so that they begin earlier
+in 2020, versus the timing from this year.
+
+* January
+  * Rust 2019 survey results published
+  * Roadmap RFC opened
+* February 
+* March
+  * Rust All Hands will take place March 16-20
+  * Publish All Hands retrospective
+* April
+* May 
+* June
+  * Publish progress report, describing what work we have done so
+    far towards the goals of this roadmap
+* July
+* August
+  * Start organizing 2020 Rust survey
+* September
+  * 2020 Rust survey goes live and runs for two weeks
+  * Analysis of 2020 Rust survey data begins
+* October:
+  * Publish survey results
+  * All 2021 edition work must be landed
+  * Call for Rust 2021 blog posts begins here
+  * Begin work on retrospective
+* November
+  * Publish retrospective on what has happened over 2020
+* December -- holiday month, things traditionally run slowly here
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+One concern that has come up this year in particular is that we frequently do
+not "tie" efforts actively to goals established in past roadmaps. This is one
+reason that this year's roadmap is specifically intended to be much more high
+level, with the fine grained details left up to the individual teams and the
+community to decide upon.
+
+# Rationale and alternatives
+[rationale-and-alternatives]: #rationale-and-alternatives
+
+The roadmap this year is different in structure than prior years.  In
+particular, we have avoided setting precise goals, in favor of
+describing more general mandates and themes.
+
+We chose to take this approach for a few reasons:
+
+* The roadmap RFC doesn't seem like an appropriate place to make
+  decisions on specific solutions. Those should be discussed in their
+  own, dedicated RFCs.
+* We wanted to encourage teams and project members to think about how these
+  mandates apply best to the particular questions that they are working with.
+
+However, there are some clear downsides. In particular, the goals we
+have chosen are not the sort of goal that one can "complete". Clearly,
+for example, the structure of the organization will always be open to
+improvement, and there will always be a need to follow-through on
+goals.
+
+Our expectation is that, over the course of the year, we will relate
+our concrete actions to these goals and -- in the form of a
+retrospective -- try to relate what progress we have made (or not
+made, as the case may be).
+
+## Frequently asked questions
+
+*This list contains questions that were raised during pre-discussion
+of the RFC. We expect to grow the list with more questions raised
+during the actual RFC discussion.*
+
+### What about a Rust foundation?
+
+It seems likely that we will pursue creating a Rust foundation this
+year, perhaps along the lines that [nikomatsakis described in a recent
+blog post][bpf]. We opted not to include that as a "line item" in this
+RFC because we were generally trying not to describe specific solutions,
+but more to describe the goals that we should be working towards. Any
+effort to create a foundation would fit well under "Improve project
+functioning and governance", however.
+
+[bpf]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2020/01/09/towards-a-rust-foundation/
+
+### What about const generics, async I/O, cargo features, etc?
+
+These are all examples of "in-progress designs and efforts" that
+likely make sense for us to pursue. We leave the finer-grained
+decision making efforts up to the teams themselves or to follow-up
+RFCs where appropriate.
+
+# Prior art
+[prior-art]: #prior-art
+
+Not applicable.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved-questions]: #unresolved-questions
+
+Not applicable: this section is ordinarily used to identify things to
+be figured out as the work proceeds, which doesn't really apply here.
+
+# Future possibilities
+[future-possibilities]: #future-possibilities
+
+Not applicable.
+