Initial draft.

text/0000-rebalancing-coherence.md

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+- Feature Name: fundamental_attribute
+- Start Date: 2015-03-27
+- RFC PR: (leave this empty)
+- Rust Issue: (leave this empty)
+
+## Summary
+
+This RFC proposes two rule changes:
+
+1. Modify the orphan rules so that impls of remote traits require a
+   local type that is either a struct/enum/trait defined in the
+   current crate `LT = LocalTypeConstructor<...>` or a reference to a
+   local type `LT = ... | &LT | &mut LT`.
+2. Restrict negative reasoning so it too obeys the orphan rules.
+3. Introduce an unstable `#[fundamental]` attribute that can be used
+   to extend the above rules in select cases (details below).
+
+## Motivation
+
+The current orphan rules are oriented around allowing as many remote
+traits as possible. As so often happens, giving power to one party (in
+this case, downstream crates) turns out to be taking power away from
+another (in this case, upstream crates). The problem is that due to
+coherence, the ability to define impls is a zero-sum game: every impl
+that is legal to add in a child crate is also an impl that a parent
+crate cannot add without fear of breaking downstream crates. A
+detailed look at these problems is
+[presented here](https://gist.github.com/nikomatsakis/bbe6821b9e79dd3eb477);
+this RFC doesn't go over the problems in detail, but will reproduce
+some of the examples found in that document.
+
+This RFC proposes a shift that attempts to strike a balance between
+the needs of downstream and upstream crates. In particular, we wish to
+preserve the ability of upstream crates to add impls to traits that
+they define, while still allowing downstream creates to define the
+sorts of impls they need.
+
+While exploring the problem, we found that in practice remote impls
+almost always are tied to a local type or a reference to a local
+type. For example, here are some impls from the definition of `Vec`:
+
+```rust
+// tied to Vec<T>
+impl<T> Send for Vec<T>
+    where T: Send
+
+// tied to &Vec<T>
+impl<'a,T> IntoIterator for &'a Vec<T>
+```
+
+On this basis, we propose that we limit remote impls to require that
+they include a type either defined in the current crate or a reference
+to a type defined in the current crate. This is more restrictive than
+the current definition, which merely requires a local type appear
+*somewhere*. So, for example, under this definition `MyType` and
+`&MyType` would be considered local, but `Box<MyType>`,
+`Option<MyType>`, and `(MyType, i32)` would not.
+
+Furthermore, we limit the use of *negative reasoning* to obey the
+orphan rules. That is, just as a crate cannot define an impl `Type:
+Trait` unless `Type` or `Trait` is local, it cannot rely that `Type:
+!Trait` holds unless `Type` or `Trait` is local.
+
+Together, these two changes cause very little code breakage while
+retaining a lot of freedom to add impls in a backwards compatible
+fashion. However, they are not quite sufficient to compile all the
+most popular cargo crates (though they almost succeed). Therefore, we
+propose an simple, unstable attribute `#[fundamental]` (described
+below) that can be used to extend the system to accommodate some
+additional patterns and types. This attribute is unstable because it
+is not clear whether it will prove to be adequate or need to be
+generalized; this part of the design can be considered somewhat
+incomplete, and we expect to finalize it based on what we observe
+after the 1.0 release.
+
+### Practical effect
+
+#### Effect on parent crates
+
+When you first define a trait, you must also decide whether that trait
+should have (a) a blanket impls for all `T` and (b) any blanket impls
+over references. These blanket impls cannot be added later without a
+major vesion bump, for fear of breaking downstream clients.
+
+Here are some examples of the kinds of blanket impls that must be added
+right away:
+
+```rust
+impl<T:Foo> Bar for T { }
+impl<'a,T:Bar> Bar for &'a T { }
+```
+
+#### Effect on child crates
+
+Under the base rules, child crates are limited to impls that use local
+types or references to local types. They are also prevented from
+relying on the fact that `Type: !Trait` unless either `Type` or
+`Trait` is local. This turns out to be have very little impact.
+
+In compiling the libstd facade and librustc, exactly two impls were
+found to be illegal, both of which followed the same pattern:
+
+```rust
+struct LinkedListEntry<'a> {
+    data: i32,
+    next: Option<&'a LinkedListEntry>
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for Option<&'a LinkedListEntry> {
+    type Item = i32;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
+        if let Some(ptr) = *self {
+            *self = Some(ptr.next);
+            Some(ptr.data)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The problem here is that `Option<&LinkedListEntry>` is no longer
+considered a local type. A similar restriction would be that one
+cannot define an impl over `Box<LinkedListEntry>`; but this was not
+observed in practice.
+
+Both of these restrictions can be overcome by using a new type.  For
+example, the code above could be changed so that instead of writing
+the impl for `Option<&LinkedListEntry>`, we define a type `LinkedList`
+that wraps the option and implement on that:
+
+```rust
+struct LinkedListEntry<'a> {
+    data: i32,
+    next: LinkedList<'a>
+}
+
+struct LinkedList<'a> {
+    data: Option<&'a LinkedListEntry>
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for LinkedList<'a> {
+    type Item = i32;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
+        if let Some(ptr) = self.data {
+            *self = Some(ptr.next);
+            Some(ptr.data)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Errors from cargo and the fundamental attribute
+
+We also applied our prototype to all the "Most Downloaded" cargo
+crates as well as the `iron` crate. That exercise uncovered a few
+patterns that the simple rules presented thus far can't handle.
+
+The first is that it is common to implement traits over boxed trait
+objects. For example, the `error` crate defines an impl:
+
+- `impl<E: Error> FromError<E> for Box<Error>`
+
+Here, `Error` is a local trait defined in `error`, but `FromError` is
+the trait from `libstd`. This impl would be illegal because
+`Box<Error>` is not considered local as `Box` is not local.
+
+The second is that it is common to use `FnMut` in blanket impls,
+similar to how the `Pattern` trait in `libstd` works. The `regex` crate
+in particular has the following impls:
+
+- `impl<'t> Replacer for &'t str`
+- `impl<F> Replacer for F where F: FnMut(&Captures) -> String`
+- these are in conflict because this requires that `&str: !FnMut`, and
+  neither `&str` nor `FnMut` are local to `regex`
+
+Given that overloading over closures is likely to be a common request,
+and that the `Fn` traits are well-known, core traits tied to the call
+operator, it seems reasonable to say that implementing a `Fn` trait is
+itself a breaking change. (This is not to suggest that there is
+something *fundamental* about the `Fn` traits that distinguish them
+from all other traits; just that if the goal is to have rules that
+users can easily remember, saying that implememting a core operator
+trait is a breaking change may be a reasonable rule, and it enables
+useful patterns to boot -- patterns that are baked into the libstd
+APIs.)
+
+To accommodate these cases (and future cases we will no doubt
+encounter), this RFC proposes an unstable attribute
+`#[fundamental]`. `#[fundamental]` can be applied to types and traits
+with the following meaning:
+
+- A `#[fundamental]` type `Foo` is one where implementing a blanket
+  impl over `Foo` is a breaking change. As described, `&` and `&mut` are
+  fundamental. This attribute would be applied to `Box`, making `Box`
+  behave the same as `&` and `&mut` with respect to coherence.
+- A `#[fundamental]` trait `Foo` is one where adding an impl of `Foo`
+  for an existing type is a breaking change. For now, the `Fn` traits
+  and `Sized` would be marked fundamental, though we may want to
+  extend this set to all operators or some other
+  more-easily-remembered set.
+
+The `#[fundamental]` attribute is intended to be a kind of "minimal
+commitment" that still permits the most important impl patterns we see
+in the wild. Because it is unstable, it can only be used within libstd
+for now. We are eventually committed to finding some way to
+accommodate the patterns above -- which could be as simple as
+stabilizing `#[fundamental]` (or, indeed, reverting this RFC
+altogether). It could also be a more general mechanism that lets users
+specify more precisely what kind of impls are reserved for future
+expansion and which are not.
+
+## Detailed Design
+
+### Proposed orphan rules
+
+Given an impl `impl<P1...Pn> Trait<T1...Tn> for T0`, either `Trait`
+must be local to the current crate, or:
+
+1. At least one type must meet the `LT` pattern defined above. Let
+   `Ti` be the first such type.
+2. No type parameters `P1...Pn` may appear in the type parameters that
+   precede `Ti` (that is, `Tj` where `j < i`).
+
+### Type locality and negative reasoning
+
+Currently the overlap check employs negative reasoning to segregate
+blanket impls from other impls. For example, the following pair of
+impls would be legal only if `MyType<U>: !Copy` for all `U` (the
+notation `Type: !Trait` is borrowed from [RFC 586][586]):
+
+```rust
+impl<T:Copy> Clone for T {..}
+impl<U> Clone for MyType<U> {..}
+```
+
+[586]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/586
+
+This proposal places limits on negative reasoning based on the orphan
+rules. Specifically, we cannot conclude that a proposition like `T0:
+!Trait<T1..Tn>` holds unless `T0: Trait<T1..Tn>` meets the orphan
+rules as defined in the previous section.
+
+In practice this means that, by default, you can only assume negative
+things about traits and types defined in your current crate, since
+those are under your direct control. This permits parent crates to add
+any impls except for blanket impls over `T`, `&T`, or `&mut T`, as
+discussed before.
+
+### Effect on ABI compatibility and semver
+
+We have not yet proposed a comprehensive semver RFC (it's
+coming). However, this RFC has some effect on what that RFC would say.
+As discussed above, it is a breaking change for to add a blanket impl
+for a `#[fundamental]` type. It is also a breaking change to add an
+impl of a `#[fundamental]` trait to an existing type.
+
+# Drawbacks
+
+The primary drawback is that downstream crates cannot write an impl
+over types other than references, such as `Option<LocalType>`. This
+can be overcome by defining wrapper structs (new types), but that can
+be annoying.
+
+# Alternatives
+
+- **Status quo.** In the status quo, the balance of power is heavily
+  tilted towards child crates. Parent crates basically cannot add any
+  impl for an existing trait to an existing type without potentially
+  breaking child crates.
+
+- **Take a hard line.** We could forego the `#[fundamental]` attribute, but
+  it would force people to forego `Box<Trait>` impls as well as the
+  useful closure-overloading pattern. This seems
+  unfortunate. Moreover, it seems likely we will encounter further
+  examples of "reasonable cases" that `#[fundamental]` can easily
+  accommodate.
+
+- **Specializations, negative impls, and contracts.** The gist
+  referenced earlier includes [a section][c] covering various
+  alternatives that I explored which came up short. These include
+  specialization, explicit negative impls, and explicit contracts
+  between the trait definer and the trait consumer.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+
+None.
+
+[c]: https://gist.github.com/nikomatsakis/bbe6821b9e79dd3eb477#file-c-md