Merge pull request #600 from joshtriplett/new-asm

Blog post on new inline assembly syntax

posts/inside-rust/2020-06-08-new-inline-asm.md

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+---
+layout: post
+title: "New inline assembly syntax available in nightly"
+author: Josh Triplett
+description: "Rust has a new inline assembly syntax in nightly, please test"
+team: the language team <https://www.rust-lang.org/governance/teams/lang>
+---
+
+In the course of optimization, OS or embedded development, or other kinds of
+low-level programming, you may sometimes need to write native assembly code for
+the processor you're running on. "Inline assembly" provides a simple way to
+integrate some assembly instructions into a Rust program, feeding Rust
+expressions in as input registers, and getting output directly into Rust
+variables. We've introduced a new syntax for inline assembly in nightly Rust,
+and we're seeking feedback on it; we believe this new syntax has a path to
+stabilization in the future.
+
+Nightly Rust has had a syntax for "inline assembly" (`asm!`) for a long time;
+however, this syntax just exposed a very raw version of LLVM's assembly
+construct, with no safeguards to help developers use it. Getting any detail of
+this syntax even slightly wrong tended to produce an Internal Compiler Error
+(ICE) rather than the kind of friendly error message you've come to expect from
+rustc. This syntax was also error-prone for another reason: it looks similar to
+GCC's inline assembly syntax, but has subtle differences (such as the names in
+register constraints). This syntax also had little to no hope of being
+supported on any non-LLVM backend. As a result of all these limitations, the
+`asm!` syntax was highly unlikely to ever graduate from nightly to stable Rust,
+despite being one of the most requested features.
+
+In an effort to improve `asm!` and bring it to more users, [Amanieu
+d'Antras](https://github.com/Amanieu) designed and implemented a new,
+friendlier syntax for `asm!`. This syntax has had a long road from concept to
+compiler implementation:
+- The proposal first started as a [pre-RFC on
+  internals](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/pre-rfc-2-inline-assembly/11310).
+- Inline assembly became one of the language team's first [project
+  groups](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2836-project-asm.md),
+  and iteratively designed RFCs in [the project group
+  repository](https://github.com/rust-lang/project-inline-asm/).
+- [RFC 2873](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2873) (still under
+  discussion) provides a specification for the syntax and its interaction with
+  the Rust language.
+- We [renamed the existing `asm!` to
+  `llvm_asm!`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/68404), so that people
+  currently using inline assembly on nightly can continue to use the existing
+  syntax for now. (We plan to remove this syntax eventually, given its fragile
+  ICE-happy nature, but while evaluating the new syntax we want the old syntax
+  available for comparison and alternatives.)
+- [PR 69171](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/69171) (also by Amanieu)
+  implemented the new `asm!` syntax in nightly.
+
+Here's an example of using the new inline assembly syntax, to print a message
+to standard output using a direct [`write`
+syscall](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/write.2.html) on x86-64 Linux:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(asm)]
+
+fn main() {
+    let buf = "Hello from asm!\n";
+    let ret: i32;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "syscall",
+            in("rax") 1, // syscall number
+            in("rdi") 1, // fd (stdout)
+            in("rsi") buf.as_ptr(),
+            in("rdx") buf.len(),
+            out("rcx") _, // clobbered by syscalls
+            out("r11") _, // clobbered by syscalls
+            lateout("rax") ret,
+        );
+    }
+    println!("write returned: {}", ret);
+}
+```
+
+(You can [try this example on the
+playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=release&edition=2018&gist=e983a5f5cffa51f4320f1176465d3a56).)
+
+The example above specifies the exact inputs, outputs, and clobbers required by
+the Linux syscall calling convention. You can also provide inputs and outputs
+via arbitrary registers, and the compiler will select appropriate registers for
+you. The following example uses [bit manipulation
+instructions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets)
+to compute the bit numbers of all set bits in a value, and stores them in a
+slice of memory:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(asm)]
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut bits = [0u8; 64];
+    for value in 0..=1024u64 {
+        let popcnt;
+        unsafe {
+            asm!("
+                popcnt {popcnt}, {v}
+                2:
+                blsi rax, {v}
+                jz 1f
+                xor {v}, rax
+                tzcnt rax, rax
+                stosb
+                jmp 2b
+                1:
+                ",
+                v = inout(reg) value => _,
+                popcnt = out(reg) popcnt,
+                out("rax") _, // scratch
+                inout("rdi") bits.as_mut_ptr() => _,
+            );
+        }
+        println!("bits of {}: {:?}", value, &bits[0..popcnt]);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+(You can [try this example on the
+playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=release&edition=2018&gist=38874735e48aa20289f23f5a3cbeae0c).
+Note that this code serves to demonstrate inline assembly, not to demonstrate
+an efficient implementation of any particular algorithm.)
+
+Notice that `value` and `popcnt` have registers selected for them, while
+`bits.as_mut_ptr()` must go in the `rdi` register for use with the `stosb`
+instruction.
+
+For full details on the new `asm!` syntax, see [RFC
+2873](https://github.com/Amanieu/rfcs/blob/inline-asm/text/0000-inline-asm.md).
+Please try it out (including translating existing inline assembly to the new
+syntax), and [report any bugs via the rust issue
+tracker](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/) with the tag `F-asm`. You
+can also discuss inline assembly by creating a topic on [the project-inline-asm
+stream in
+Zulip](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/216763-project-inline-asm).