Implement the unsafe-fields RFC.

Co-Authored-By: Jacob Pratt <jacob@jhpratt.dev>

compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs

@@ -3063,6 +3063,7 @@ pub struct FieldDef {
     pub id: NodeId,
     pub span: Span,
     pub vis: Visibility,
+    pub safety: Safety,
     pub ident: Option<Ident>,
 
     pub ty: P<Ty>,

compiler/rustc_ast/src/mut_visit.rs

@@ -1115,10 +1115,11 @@ fn walk_poly_trait_ref<T: MutVisitor>(vis: &mut T, p: &mut PolyTraitRef) {
 }
 
 pub fn walk_field_def<T: MutVisitor>(visitor: &mut T, fd: &mut FieldDef) {
-    let FieldDef { span, ident, vis, id, ty, attrs, is_placeholder: _ } = fd;
+    let FieldDef { span, ident, vis, id, ty, attrs, is_placeholder: _, safety } = fd;
     visitor.visit_id(id);
     visit_attrs(visitor, attrs);
     visitor.visit_vis(vis);
+    visit_safety(visitor, safety);
     visit_opt(ident, |ident| visitor.visit_ident(ident));
     visitor.visit_ty(ty);
     visitor.visit_span(span);

compiler/rustc_ast/src/visit.rs

@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ pub fn walk_struct_def<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(
 }
 
 pub fn walk_field_def<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, field: &'a FieldDef) -> V::Result {
-    let FieldDef { attrs, id: _, span: _, vis, ident, ty, is_placeholder: _ } = field;
+    let FieldDef { attrs, id: _, span: _, vis, ident, ty, is_placeholder: _, safety: _ } = field;
     walk_list!(visitor, visit_attribute, attrs);
     try_visit!(visitor.visit_vis(vis));
     visit_opt!(visitor, visit_ident, ident);

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs

@@ -724,6 +724,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
             },
             vis_span: self.lower_span(f.vis.span),
             ty,
+            safety: self.lower_safety(f.safety, hir::Safety::Safe),
         }
     }
 

compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs

@@ -557,6 +557,7 @@ pub fn check_crate(krate: &ast::Crate, sess: &Session, features: &Features) {
     gate_all!(global_registration, "global registration is experimental");
     gate_all!(return_type_notation, "return type notation is experimental");
     gate_all!(pin_ergonomics, "pinned reference syntax is experimental");
+    gate_all!(unsafe_fields, "`unsafe` fields are experimental");
 
     if !visitor.features.never_patterns() {
         if let Some(spans) = spans.get(&sym::never_patterns) {

compiler/rustc_expand/src/placeholders.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rustc_ast::mut_visit::*;
 use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::token::Delimiter;
 use rustc_ast::visit::AssocCtxt;
-use rustc_ast::{self as ast};
+use rustc_ast::{self as ast, Safety};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
 use rustc_span::symbol::Ident;
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ pub(crate) fn placeholder(
             ty: ty(),
             vis,
             is_placeholder: true,
+            safety: Safety::Default,
         }]),
         AstFragmentKind::Variants => AstFragment::Variants(smallvec![ast::Variant {
             attrs: Default::default(),

compiler/rustc_feature/src/unstable.rs

@@ -627,6 +627,8 @@ declare_features! (
     /// Allows creation of instances of a struct by moving fields that have
     /// not changed from prior instances of the same struct (RFC #2528)
     (unstable, type_changing_struct_update, "1.58.0", Some(86555)),
+    /// Allows declaring fields `unsafe`.
+    (incomplete, unsafe_fields, "CURRENT_RUSTC_VERSION", Some(132922)),
     /// Allows const generic parameters to be defined with types that
     /// are not `Sized`, e.g. `fn foo<const N: [u8]>() {`.
     (incomplete, unsized_const_params, "1.82.0", Some(95174)),

compiler/rustc_hir/src/hir.rs

@@ -3177,6 +3177,7 @@ pub struct FieldDef<'hir> {
     pub hir_id: HirId,
     pub def_id: LocalDefId,
     pub ty: &'hir Ty<'hir>,
+    pub safety: Safety,
 }
 
 impl FieldDef<'_> {

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/messages.ftl

@@ -253,6 +253,13 @@ hir_analysis_invalid_union_field =
 hir_analysis_invalid_union_field_sugg =
     wrap the field type in `ManuallyDrop<...>`
 
+hir_analysis_invalid_unsafe_field =
+    field must implement `Copy` or be wrapped in `ManuallyDrop<...>` to be unsafe
+    .note = unsafe fields must not have drop side-effects, which is currently enforced via either `Copy` or `ManuallyDrop<...>`
+
+hir_analysis_invalid_unsafe_field_sugg =
+    wrap the field type in `ManuallyDrop<...>`
+
 hir_analysis_late_bound_const_in_apit = `impl Trait` can only mention const parameters from an fn or impl
     .label = const parameter declared here
 

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/check/check.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::unord::{UnordMap, UnordSet};
 use rustc_errors::MultiSpan;
 use rustc_errors::codes::*;
 use rustc_hir::def::{CtorKind, DefKind};
-use rustc_hir::{Node, intravisit};
+use rustc_hir::{Node, Safety, intravisit};
 use rustc_infer::infer::{RegionVariableOrigin, TyCtxtInferExt};
 use rustc_infer::traits::{Obligation, ObligationCauseCode};
 use rustc_lint_defs::builtin::{
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ fn check_struct(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
 
     check_transparent(tcx, def);
     check_packed(tcx, span, def);
+    check_unsafe_fields(tcx, def_id);
 }
 
 fn check_union(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
@@ -81,38 +82,45 @@ fn check_union(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
     check_packed(tcx, span, def);
 }
 
+fn allowed_union_or_unsafe_field<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    typing_env: ty::TypingEnv<'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+) -> bool {
+    // We don't just accept all !needs_drop fields, due to semver concerns.
+    let allowed = match ty.kind() {
+        ty::Ref(..) => true, // references never drop (even mutable refs, which are non-Copy and hence fail the later check)
+        ty::Tuple(tys) => {
+            // allow tuples of allowed types
+            tys.iter().all(|ty| allowed_union_or_unsafe_field(tcx, ty, typing_env, span))
+        }
+        ty::Array(elem, _len) => {
+            // Like `Copy`, we do *not* special-case length 0.
+            allowed_union_or_unsafe_field(tcx, *elem, typing_env, span)
+        }
+        _ => {
+            // Fallback case: allow `ManuallyDrop` and things that are `Copy`,
+            // also no need to report an error if the type is unresolved.
+            ty.ty_adt_def().is_some_and(|adt_def| adt_def.is_manually_drop())
+                || ty.is_copy_modulo_regions(tcx, typing_env)
+                || ty.references_error()
+        }
+    };
+    if allowed && ty.needs_drop(tcx, typing_env) {
+        // This should never happen. But we can get here e.g. in case of name resolution errors.
+        tcx.dcx()
+            .span_delayed_bug(span, "we should never accept maybe-dropping union or unsafe fields");
+    }
+    allowed
+}
+
 /// Check that the fields of the `union` do not need dropping.
 fn check_union_fields(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, span: Span, item_def_id: LocalDefId) -> bool {
     let item_type = tcx.type_of(item_def_id).instantiate_identity();
     if let ty::Adt(def, args) = item_type.kind() {
         assert!(def.is_union());
 
-        fn allowed_union_field<'tcx>(
-            ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-            tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-            typing_env: ty::TypingEnv<'tcx>,
-        ) -> bool {
-            // We don't just accept all !needs_drop fields, due to semver concerns.
-            match ty.kind() {
-                ty::Ref(..) => true, // references never drop (even mutable refs, which are non-Copy and hence fail the later check)
-                ty::Tuple(tys) => {
-                    // allow tuples of allowed types
-                    tys.iter().all(|ty| allowed_union_field(ty, tcx, typing_env))
-                }
-                ty::Array(elem, _len) => {
-                    // Like `Copy`, we do *not* special-case length 0.
-                    allowed_union_field(*elem, tcx, typing_env)
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    // Fallback case: allow `ManuallyDrop` and things that are `Copy`,
-                    // also no need to report an error if the type is unresolved.
-                    ty.ty_adt_def().is_some_and(|adt_def| adt_def.is_manually_drop())
-                        || ty.is_copy_modulo_regions(tcx, typing_env)
-                        || ty.references_error()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         let typing_env = ty::TypingEnv::non_body_analysis(tcx, item_def_id);
         for field in &def.non_enum_variant().fields {
             let Ok(field_ty) = tcx.try_normalize_erasing_regions(typing_env, field.ty(tcx, args))
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ fn check_union_fields(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, span: Span, item_def_id: LocalDefId) -> b
                 continue;
             };
 
-            if !allowed_union_field(field_ty, tcx, typing_env) {
+            if !allowed_union_or_unsafe_field(tcx, field_ty, typing_env, span) {
                 let (field_span, ty_span) = match tcx.hir().get_if_local(field.did) {
                     // We are currently checking the type this field came from, so it must be local.
                     Some(Node::Field(field)) => (field.span, field.ty.span),
@@ -136,10 +144,6 @@ fn check_union_fields(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, span: Span, item_def_id: LocalDefId) -> b
                     note: (),
                 });
                 return false;
-            } else if field_ty.needs_drop(tcx, typing_env) {
-                // This should never happen. But we can get here e.g. in case of name resolution errors.
-                tcx.dcx()
-                    .span_delayed_bug(span, "we should never accept maybe-dropping union fields");
             }
         }
     } else {
@@ -148,6 +152,41 @@ fn check_union_fields(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, span: Span, item_def_id: LocalDefId) -> b
     true
 }
 
+/// Check that the unsafe fields do not need dropping.
+fn check_unsafe_fields(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, item_def_id: LocalDefId) {
+    let span = tcx.def_span(item_def_id);
+    let item_type = tcx.type_of(item_def_id).instantiate_identity();
+    let ty::Adt(def, args) = item_type.kind() else {
+        span_bug!(span, "structs/enums must be ty::Adt, but got {:?}", item_type.kind());
+    };
+    let typing_env = ty::TypingEnv::non_body_analysis(tcx, item_def_id);
+    for field in def.all_fields() {
+        if field.safety != Safety::Unsafe {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Ok(field_ty) = tcx.try_normalize_erasing_regions(typing_env, field.ty(tcx, args))
+        else {
+            tcx.dcx().span_delayed_bug(span, "could not normalize field type");
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if !allowed_union_or_unsafe_field(tcx, field_ty, typing_env, span) {
+            let hir::Node::Field(field) = tcx.hir_node_by_def_id(field.did.expect_local()) else {
+                unreachable!("field has to correspond to hir field")
+            };
+            let ty_span = field.ty.span;
+            tcx.dcx().emit_err(errors::InvalidUnsafeField {
+                field_span: field.span,
+                sugg: errors::InvalidUnsafeFieldSuggestion {
+                    lo: ty_span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                    hi: ty_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                },
+                note: (),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Check that a `static` is inhabited.
 fn check_static_inhabited(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
     // Make sure statics are inhabited.
@@ -1464,6 +1503,7 @@ fn check_enum(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
 
     detect_discriminant_duplicate(tcx, def);
     check_transparent(tcx, def);
+    check_unsafe_fields(tcx, def_id);
 }
 
 /// Part of enum check. Given the discriminants of an enum, errors if two or more discriminants are equal

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs

@@ -1040,6 +1040,7 @@ fn lower_variant(
             did: f.def_id.to_def_id(),
             name: f.ident.name,
             vis: tcx.visibility(f.def_id),
+            safety: f.safety,
         })
         .collect();
     let recovered = match def {

compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs

@@ -734,6 +734,17 @@ pub(crate) struct InvalidUnionField {
     pub note: (),
 }
 
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(hir_analysis_invalid_unsafe_field, code = E0740)]
+pub(crate) struct InvalidUnsafeField {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub field_span: Span,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub sugg: InvalidUnsafeFieldSuggestion,
+    #[note]
+    pub note: (),
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(hir_analysis_return_type_notation_on_non_rpitit)]
 pub(crate) struct ReturnTypeNotationOnNonRpitit<'tcx> {
@@ -755,6 +766,18 @@ pub(crate) struct InvalidUnionFieldSuggestion {
     pub hi: Span,
 }
 
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+#[multipart_suggestion(
+    hir_analysis_invalid_unsafe_field_sugg,
+    applicability = "machine-applicable"
+)]
+pub(crate) struct InvalidUnsafeFieldSuggestion {
+    #[suggestion_part(code = "std::mem::ManuallyDrop<")]
+    pub lo: Span,
+    #[suggestion_part(code = ">")]
+    pub hi: Span,
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(hir_analysis_return_type_notation_equality_bound)]
 pub(crate) struct ReturnTypeNotationEqualityBound {

compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::{Lock, Lrc, OnceLock};
 use rustc_data_structures::unhash::UnhashMap;
 use rustc_expand::base::{SyntaxExtension, SyntaxExtensionKind};
 use rustc_expand::proc_macro::{AttrProcMacro, BangProcMacro, DeriveProcMacro};
+use rustc_hir::Safety;
 use rustc_hir::def::Res;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CRATE_DEF_INDEX, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_hir::definitions::{DefPath, DefPathData};
@@ -1101,6 +1102,7 @@ impl<'a> CrateMetadataRef<'a> {
                         did,
                         name: self.item_name(did.index),
                         vis: self.get_visibility(did.index),
+                        safety: self.get_safety(did.index),
                     })
                     .collect(),
                 adt_kind,
@@ -1162,6 +1164,10 @@ impl<'a> CrateMetadataRef<'a> {
             .map_id(|index| self.local_def_id(index))
     }
 
+    fn get_safety(self, id: DefIndex) -> Safety {
+        self.root.tables.safety.get(self, id).unwrap_or_else(|| self.missing("safety", id))
+    }
+
     fn get_trait_item_def_id(self, id: DefIndex) -> Option<DefId> {
         self.root.tables.trait_item_def_id.get(self, id).map(|d| d.decode_from_cdata(self))
     }

compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs

@@ -1599,6 +1599,10 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
                 f.did.index
             }));
 
+            for field in &variant.fields {
+                self.tables.safety.set_some(field.did.index, field.safety);
+            }
+
             if let Some((CtorKind::Fn, ctor_def_id)) = variant.ctor {
                 let fn_sig = tcx.fn_sig(ctor_def_id);
                 // FIXME only encode signature for ctor_def_id

compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs

@@ -411,6 +411,7 @@ define_tables! {
     associated_item_or_field_def_ids: Table<DefIndex, LazyArray<DefIndex>>,
     def_kind: Table<DefIndex, DefKind>,
     visibility: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<ty::Visibility<DefIndex>>>,
+    safety: Table<DefIndex, hir::Safety>,
     def_span: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<Span>>,
     def_ident_span: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<Span>>,
     lookup_stability: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<attr::Stability>>,

compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/table.rs

@@ -198,6 +198,13 @@ fixed_size_enum! {
     }
 }
 
+fixed_size_enum! {
+    hir::Safety {
+        ( Unsafe )
+        ( Safe   )
+    }
+}
+
 fixed_size_enum! {
     ty::Asyncness {
         ( Yes )