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Join listener thread instead of spinning #52

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haileys
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@haileys haileys commented Dec 10, 2024

Tracked down a puma process spinning at 100% CPU to this line here.

Any reason why this can't be a thread.join rather than spinning?

@npezza93
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Hmm im hesitant to merge this because all the other ActionCable adapters implement shutdown this way inside rails. Are you able to reliably reproduce puma hanging?

Also what version are you using and in what environment is it hanging?

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 10, 2024

Yep, could reproduce reliably in development. Rails 8.0.0, solid_cable 3.0.4, using a sqlite db with activerecord-enhancedsqlite3-adapter 0.8.0 and sqlite3 2.4.0.

Haven't yet traced down the root cause of the other thread not terminating, but in general Thread#join is the way to go for waiting for another thread to finish. Thread#join has the additional benefit of propagating exceptions, so if the listener thread dies due to some unhandled exception, that exception will be re-raised in the thread calling join.

@npezza93
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Do you mind sharing a small rails app with repro steps on how to reproduce?

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 10, 2024

And just like that, it seems I can't reproduce it this morning. I'll keep working away and if it reoccurs I'll grab a backtrace of all threads and see if we can track down the root cause that way

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 11, 2024

This happened again.

First, here's the backtrace of the spinning thread:

from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:166:in `block in spawn_thread'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/server.rb:249:in `block in run'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/server.rb:468:in `process_client'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/request.rb:98:in `handle_request'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:389:in `with_force_shutdown'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/request.rb:99:in `block in handle_request'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/puma-6.5.0/lib/puma/configuration.rb:279:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/railties-8.0.0/lib/rails/engine.rb:535:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/host_authorization.rb:143:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/rack-3.1.8/lib/rack/sendfile.rb:114:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb:27:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:16:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/server_timing.rb:60:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/server_timing.rb:26:in `collect_events'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/server_timing.rb:61:in `block in call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/rack-3.1.8/lib/rack/runtime.rb:24:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/rack-3.1.8/lib/rack/method_override.rb:28:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb:34:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:96:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/railties-8.0.0/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:29:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/railties-8.0.0/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:41:in `call_app'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:32:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/web-console-4.2.1/lib/web_console/middleware.rb:17:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/web-console-4.2.1/lib/web_console/middleware.rb:17:in `catch'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/web-console-4.2.1/lib/web_console/middleware.rb:28:in `block in call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/web-console-4.2.1/lib/web_console/middleware.rb:132:in `call_app'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:31:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/actionable_exceptions.rb:18:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actionpack-8.0.0/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:14:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/reloader.rb:64:in `run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:74:in `run!'
from :90:in `tap'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:77:in `block in run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/reloader.rb:122:in `run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:124:in `run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:128:in `run'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:108:in `run_callbacks'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `each'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `block in invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:179:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `block in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `catch'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:667:in `block (2 levels) in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:178:in `block in call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:406:in `block in make_lambda'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:406:in `instance_exec'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/railties-8.0.0/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb:216:in `block (2 levels) in '
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/reloader.rb:128:in `class_unload!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:108:in `run_callbacks'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `each'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `block in invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:179:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `block in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `catch'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:667:in `block (2 levels) in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:178:in `block in call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:406:in `block in make_lambda'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:406:in `instance_exec'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actioncable-8.0.0/lib/action_cable/engine.rb:93:in `block (3 levels) in '
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actioncable-8.0.0/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb:55:in `restart'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actioncable-8.0.0/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb:55:in `synchronize'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/actioncable-8.0.0/lib/action_cable/server/base.rb:61:in `block in restart'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:31:in `shutdown'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:62:in `shutdown'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:62:in `alive?'

Looks like this is related to reloading in development.

I attached gdb and set a breakpoint on rb_thread_alive_p, the C function behind Thread#alive?:

Thread 18 "puma srv tp 002" hit Breakpoint 1, rb_thread_alive_p (thread=131835463187160) at /build/ruby/src/ruby-3.3.5/thread.c:3353
3353    in /build/ruby/src/ruby-3.3.5/thread.c
(gdb) call rb_backtrace()
(gdb) p (struct rb_thread_struct *)rb_check_typeddata(thread, &ruby_threadptr_data_type)
$8 = (struct rb_thread_struct *) 0x77e6f0044880
(gdb) p $8->nt->tid
$9 = 1022304

1022304 is the TID of the thread we're spinwaiting to exit. Using info threads in gdb shows us that this is "solid_cable.rb*". Here's the backtrace from that thread:

from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:48:in `block in initialize'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:54:in `listen'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:110:in `with_polling_volume'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/logger_silence.rb:18:in `silence'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/logger_thread_safe_level.rb:37:in `log_at'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/logger_silence.rb:18:in `block in silence'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:110:in `block in with_polling_volume'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:54:in `block in listen'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/solid_cable-3.0.4/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb:99:in `broadcast_messages'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:89:in `wrap'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:74:in `run!'
from :90:in `tap'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:77:in `block in run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:124:in `run!'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:128:in `run'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:108:in `run_callbacks'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `each'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:558:in `block in invoke_before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:179:in `call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `block in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:666:in `catch'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:667:in `block (2 levels) in default_terminator'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:178:in `block in call'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:384:in `block in make_lambda'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb:28:in `before'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/railties-8.0.0/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb:112:in `run'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/dependencies/interlock.rb:29:in `start_running'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:114:in `start_sharing'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:201:in `mon_synchronize'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:201:in `synchronize'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:124:in `block in start_sharing'
from vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/activesupport-8.0.0/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:219:in `wait_for'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:115:in `wait_while'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:107:in `wait'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:107:in `wait_for_cond'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:107:in `wait'
from /usr/lib/ruby/3.3.0/monitor.rb:107:in `sleep'

We can see here that the listener thread is stuck waiting to take the ActiveSupport::Dependencies interlock in shared mode while the spinwaiting thread has already acquired it in exclusive mode in ActiveSupport::Reloader#class_unload! about a third of the way up its call stack.

So, deadlock.

The spinwaiting thread is already holding the interlock exclusively as it prepared to unload code, but the teardown involves waiting on the listener thread to terminate, and it is stuck trying to take a shared lock on the very same interlock as part of the usual ceremony to call across the Rails/application boundary.

I'm not familiar at all with Rails autoloading these days I'm afraid - the last time I was knee deep in this part of Rails was back in the 3.x era before multithreading was much of a thing :) So while I would struggle to suggest a concrete fix, I hope I've illustrated the problem here clearly enough for someone who is more familiar.

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 11, 2024

Have cooked up a small reproducer here: https://github.com/haileys/solidcable-52-repro

@npezza93
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@jorgemanrubia its back :( haha. Ill take a look but in case you happen to have any ideas

@jorgemanrubia
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Hey @npezza93 I'll have a look too. Amazing troubleshooting @haileys 🙏.

@jorgemanrubia
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Still, not sure what's going on, but I've seen that wrapping with the executor just the individual #broadcast actions does not hang on the reproduction repo. I need to validate if that fixes the original problem I saw. I'll follow up with a PR if it does.

@jorgemanrubia
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Still, not sure what's going on, but I've seen that wrapping with the executor just the individual #broadcast actions does not hang on the reproduction repo. I need to validate if that fixes the original problem I saw. I'll follow up with a PR if it does.

Nope, this won't fly, as there would still be a reference to Message outside of the wrap.

I gotta go now but I'll try more things when I'm back.

@npezza93
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@haileys @jorgemanrubia Do you mind giving #53 a spin and see if the hanging still happens?

@jorgemanrubia
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@npezza93 wonderful! I wasn't able to reproduce with the repro script from @haileys. I'll test with a real app and report back.

@jorgemanrubia
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jorgemanrubia commented Dec 11, 2024

A colleague who was able to reproduce a hang with one of our apps can't reproduce it anymore with the patch from #53 @npezza93. The change is looking great 👏. I think using .join instead of spinning is much better, as @haileys suggested.

@npezza93
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Awesome @jorgemanrubia. Ill let @haileys take it for a spin to double check and then ill merge

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 11, 2024

@haileys @jorgemanrubia Do you mind giving #53 a spin and see if the hanging still happens?

I'll try this and report back!

There's another potential solution I experimented with using Thread#raise with a special Stop exception. Together with a semaphore which the listener thread releases a permit for only when it is interruptible, this allows the supervisor thread to terminate the listener thread immediately as soon as it is safe to do so.

This is the patch. Haven't seriously tested it out yet, but comments welcome:

diff --git a/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb b/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb
index 65944aa..c197fb6 100644
--- a/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb
+++ b/lib/action_cable/subscription_adapter/solid_cable.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "action_cable/subscription_adapter/base"
 require "action_cable/subscription_adapter/channel_prefix"
 require "action_cable/subscription_adapter/subscriber_map"
+require "concurrent/atomic/semaphore"
 
 module ActionCable
   module SubscriptionAdapter
@@ -38,28 +39,54 @@ module ActionCable
         end
 
         class Listener < ::ActionCable::SubscriptionAdapter::SubscriberMap
+          Stop = Class.new(Exception)
+
           def initialize(event_loop)
             super()
 
             @event_loop = event_loop
 
+            # critical section begins with 0 permits - it can be understood as
+            # being "normally held" by the listener thread - it is released
+            # for specific sections of code, rather than acquired.
+            @critical = Concurrent::Semaphore.new(0)
+
             @thread = Thread.new do
-              Thread.current.abort_on_exception = true
               listen
             end
           end
 
           def listen
-            while running?
+            loop do
+              begin
+                instance = interruptible { Rails.application.executor.run! }
+
                 with_polling_volume { broadcast_messages }
+              ensure
+                instance.complete! if instance
+              end
 
-              sleep ::SolidCable.polling_interval
+              interruptible { sleep ::SolidCable.polling_interval }
+            end
+          rescue Stop
+          ensure
+            @critical.release
           end
+
+          def interruptible
+            @critical.release
+            yield
+          ensure
+            @critical.acquire
           end
 
           def shutdown
-            self.running = false
-            Thread.pass while thread.alive?
+            @critical.acquire
+            # we have the critical permit, and so the listen thread must be
+            # safe to interrupt:
+            thread.raise(Stop)
+            @critical.release
+            thread.join
           end
 
           def add_channel(channel, on_success)
@@ -77,15 +104,7 @@ module ActionCable
 
           private
             attr_reader :event_loop, :thread
-            attr_writer :running, :last_id
-
-            def running?
-              if defined?(@running)
-                @running
-              else
-                self.running = true
-              end
-            end
+            attr_writer :last_id
 
             def last_id
               @last_id ||= ::SolidCable::Message.maximum(:id) || 0
@@ -96,14 +115,12 @@ module ActionCable
             end
 
             def broadcast_messages
-              Rails.application.executor.wrap do
               ::SolidCable::Message.broadcastable(channels, last_id).
                 each do |message|
                   broadcast(message.channel, message.payload)
                   self.last_id = message.id
               end
             end
-            end
 
             def with_polling_volume
               if ::SolidCable.silence_polling? && ActiveRecord::Base.logger

@npezza93
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Fixed via: #53

@npezza93 npezza93 closed this Dec 17, 2024
@jorgemanrubia
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Hey @npezza93,

We were still getting very sporadic hangs when using action cable with hotwire spark, even with the last version 3.0.5. Hotwire spark exacerbates the scenario where you combine classes reloading with new requests in a short period of time, but I was able to simulate these hangs even without Hotwire Spark installed by simulating many requests (by opening tons of tabs) and file modifications with a script at the same time.

The good news is that the patch by @haileys fixes this for good. I can't reproduce with it in place anymore.

@haileys would you be up to creating a PR here with the patch? I can do it and put you as co-author, but it's certainly your work, and you are the only author here. Thank you so much for the amazing work.

@npezza93
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ok glad to hear @haileys fix works! Happy to merge

@haileys
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haileys commented Dec 22, 2024

Oh great, I'm glad to hear this patch has been helpful. I'll put together a PR tomorrow. It adds an extra dep, concurrent-ruby, that isn't currently a direct dependency of solid_cable, but is already a dependency of Rails, so there will be a little bit of gemspec and perhaps test shuffling too.

jorgemanrubia added a commit to basecamp/solid_cable that referenced this pull request Jan 8, 2025
This patch was created by Hailey Somerville in rails#52 (comment). All
the credit to her.

Co-authored-by: Hailey Somerville <hailey@hails.org>
jorgemanrubia added a commit to basecamp/solid_cable that referenced this pull request Jan 8, 2025
This patch was created by Hailey Somerville in rails#52 (comment). All
the credit to her.

Co-authored-by: Hailey Somerville <hailey@hails.org>
@jorgemanrubia
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Hey, I created a PR with @haileys' fix here #54. I'd like to test it within my team for a few days before merging.

Hailey I added you as co-author, but if you want to create the PR yourself, I'll happily close. Thanks again.

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3 participants