feat(python): Implement Arrow PyCapsule Interface for Series/DataFrame export

crates/polars-arrow/src/ffi/stream.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ impl Drop for ArrowArrayStream {
     }
 }
 
+unsafe impl Send for ArrowArrayStream {}
+
 impl ArrowArrayStream {
     /// Creates an empty [`ArrowArrayStream`] used to import from a producer.
     pub fn empty() -> Self {

py-polars/polars/dataframe/frame.py

@@ -1264,6 +1264,14 @@ def __deepcopy__(self, memo: None = None) -> DataFrame:
     def _ipython_key_completions_(self) -> list[str]:
         return self.columns
 
+    def __arrow_c_stream__(self, requested_schema: object) -> object:
+        """
+        Export a DataFrame via the Arrow PyCapsule Interface.
+
+        https://arrow.apache.org/docs/dev/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html
+        """
+        return self._df.__arrow_c_stream__(requested_schema)
+
     def _repr_html_(self, *, _from_series: bool = False) -> str:
         """
         Format output data in HTML for display in Jupyter Notebooks.

py-polars/polars/series/series.py

@@ -1447,6 +1447,14 @@ def __array_ufunc__(
             )
             raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
+    def __arrow_c_stream__(self, requested_schema: object) -> object:
+        """
+        Export a Series via the Arrow PyCapsule Interface.
+
+        https://arrow.apache.org/docs/dev/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html
+        """
+        return self._s.__arrow_c_stream__(requested_schema)
+
     def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
         """Format output data in HTML for display in Jupyter Notebooks."""
         return self.to_frame()._repr_html_(_from_series=True)

py-polars/src/dataframe/export.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ use polars::export::arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
 use polars_core::export::arrow::datatypes::IntegerType;
 use polars_core::utils::arrow::compute::cast::CastOptionsImpl;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
-use pyo3::types::{PyList, PyTuple};
+use pyo3::types::{PyCapsule, PyList, PyTuple};
 
 use super::*;
 use crate::conversion::{ObjectValue, Wrap};
 use crate::interop;
+use crate::interop::arrow::to_py::dataframe_to_stream;
 use crate::prelude::PyCompatLevel;
 
 #[pymethods]
@@ -130,4 +131,15 @@ impl PyDataFrame {
             Ok(rbs)
         })
     }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (requested_schema=None))]
+    fn __arrow_c_stream__<'py>(
+        &'py mut self,
+        py: Python<'py>,
+        requested_schema: Option<PyObject>,
+    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyCapsule>> {
+        self.df.align_chunks();
+        dataframe_to_stream(self.df.clone(), py)
+    }
 }

py-polars/src/interop/arrow/to_py.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
+use std::ffi::CString;
+
 use arrow::ffi;
 use arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
+use polars::datatypes::CompatLevel;
+use polars::frame::DataFrame;
 use polars::prelude::{ArrayRef, ArrowField};
+use polars::series::Series;
 use polars_core::utils::arrow;
+use polars_error::PolarsResult;
 use pyo3::ffi::Py_uintptr_t;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use pyo3::types::PyCapsule;
 
 /// Arrow array to Python.
 pub(crate) fn to_py_array(
@@ -49,3 +56,74 @@ pub(crate) fn to_py_rb(
 
     Ok(record.to_object(py))
 }
+
+/// Export a series to a C stream via a PyCapsule according to the Arrow PyCapsule Interface
+/// https://arrow.apache.org/docs/dev/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html
+pub(crate) fn series_to_stream<'py>(
+    series: &'py Series,
+    py: Python<'py>,
+) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyCapsule>> {
+    let field = series.field().to_arrow(CompatLevel::oldest());
+    let iter = Box::new(series.chunks().clone().into_iter().map(Ok)) as _;
+    let stream = ffi::export_iterator(iter, field);
+    let stream_capsule_name = CString::new("arrow_array_stream").unwrap();
+    PyCapsule::new_bound(py, stream, Some(stream_capsule_name))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dataframe_to_stream(df: DataFrame, py: Python) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyCapsule>> {
+    let iter = Box::new(DataFrameStreamIterator::new(df));
+    let field = iter.field();
+    let stream = ffi::export_iterator(iter, field);
+    let stream_capsule_name = CString::new("arrow_array_stream").unwrap();
+    PyCapsule::new_bound(py, stream, Some(stream_capsule_name))
+}
+
+pub struct DataFrameStreamIterator {
+    columns: Vec<polars::series::Series>,
+    data_type: arrow::datatypes::ArrowDataType,
+    idx: usize,
+    n_chunks: usize,
+}
+
+impl DataFrameStreamIterator {
+    fn new(df: polars::frame::DataFrame) -> Self {
+        let schema = df.schema().to_arrow(CompatLevel::oldest());
+        let data_type = arrow::datatypes::ArrowDataType::Struct(schema.fields);
+
+        Self {
+            columns: df.get_columns().to_vec(),
+            data_type,
+            idx: 0,
+            n_chunks: df.n_chunks(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn field(&self) -> ArrowField {
+        ArrowField::new("", self.data_type.clone(), false)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for DataFrameStreamIterator {
+    type Item = PolarsResult<Box<dyn arrow::array::Array>>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.idx >= self.n_chunks {
+            None
+        } else {
+            // create a batch of the columns with the same chunk no.
+            let batch_cols = self
+                .columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| s.to_arrow(self.idx, CompatLevel::oldest()))
+                .collect();
+            self.idx += 1;
+
+            let array = arrow::array::StructArray::new(
+                self.data_type.clone(),
+                batch_cols,
+                std::option::Option::None,
+            );
+            Some(std::result::Result::Ok(Box::new(array)))
+        }
+    }
+}

py-polars/src/series/export.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use polars_core::prelude::*;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
-use pyo3::types::PyList;
+use pyo3::types::{PyCapsule, PyList};
 
+use crate::interop::arrow::to_py::series_to_stream;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::{interop, PySeries};
 
@@ -157,4 +158,14 @@ impl PySeries {
             )
         })
     }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    #[pyo3(signature = (requested_schema=None))]
+    fn __arrow_c_stream__<'py>(
+        &'py self,
+        py: Python<'py>,
+        requested_schema: Option<PyObject>,
+    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyCapsule>> {
+        series_to_stream(&self.series, py)
+    }
 }

py-polars/tests/unit/interop/test_interop.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 from polars.exceptions import ComputeError, UnstableWarning
 from polars.interchange.protocol import CompatLevel
 from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal, assert_series_equal
+from tests.unit.utils.pycapsule_utils import PyCapsuleStreamHolder
 
 
 def test_arrow_list_roundtrip() -> None:
@@ -749,3 +750,14 @@ def test_compat_level(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     assert len(df.write_ipc_stream(None).getbuffer()) == 544
     assert len(df.write_ipc_stream(None, compat_level=oldest).getbuffer()) == 672
     assert len(df.write_ipc_stream(None, compat_level=newest).getbuffer()) == 544
+
+
+def test_df_pycapsule_interface() -> None:
+    df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": ["a", "b", "c"]})
+    out = pa.table(PyCapsuleStreamHolder(df))
+    assert df.shape == out.shape
+    assert df.schema.names() == out.schema.names
+
+    df2 = pl.from_arrow(out)
+    assert isinstance(df2, pl.DataFrame)
+    assert df.equals(df2)

py-polars/tests/unit/series/test_series.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
     ShapeError,
 )
 from polars.testing import assert_frame_equal, assert_series_equal
+from tests.unit.utils.pycapsule_utils import PyCapsuleStreamHolder
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
@@ -628,6 +629,13 @@ def test_arrow() -> None:
             )
 
 
+def test_pycapsule_interface() -> None:
+    a = pl.Series("a", [1, 2, 3, None])
+    out = pa.chunked_array(PyCapsuleStreamHolder(a))
+    out_arr = out.combine_chunks()
+    assert out_arr == pa.array([1, 2, 3, None])
+
+
 def test_get() -> None:
     a = pl.Series("a", [1, 2, 3])
     pos_idxs = pl.Series("idxs", [2, 0, 1, 0], dtype=pl.Int8)

py-polars/tests/unit/utils/pycapsule_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class PyCapsuleStreamHolder:
+    """
+    Hold the Arrow C Stream pycapsule.
+
+    A class that exposes _only_ the Arrow C Stream interface via Arrow PyCapsules.
+    This ensures that pyarrow is seeing _only_ the `__arrow_c_stream__` dunder, and
+    that nothing else (e.g. the dataframe or array interface) is actually being
+    used.
+
+    This is used by tests across multiple files.
+    """
+
+    arrow_obj: Any
+
+    def __init__(self, arrow_obj: object) -> None:
+        self.arrow_obj = arrow_obj
+
+    def __arrow_c_stream__(self, requested_schema: object = None) -> object:
+        return self.arrow_obj.__arrow_c_stream__(requested_schema)