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docs: v7 npm-install refresh
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Initiall pass at refreshing the npm-install docs for npm7

PR-URL: https://github.com/Usage:
  /Users/darcyclarke/.nvm/versions/node/v10.20.1/bin/pull <pull req url>
  /Users/darcyclarke/.nvm/versions/node/v10.20.1/bin/pull <pull req number> [<remote name>=origin]
(will read url/id from clipboard if not specified)
Credit: @
Close: #1911
Reviewed-by: @darcyclarke
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@ruyadorno @darcyclarke
ruyadorno authored and darcyclarke committed Oct 12, 2020
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Expand Up @@ -29,10 +29,17 @@ common options: [-P|--save-prod|-D|--save-dev|-O|--save-optional] [-E|--save-exa

### Description

This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on. If the
package has a package-lock or shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies
will be driven by that, with an `npm-shrinkwrap.json` taking precedence if both
files exist. See [package-lock.json](/configuring-npm/package-lock-json) and [`npm shrinkwrap`](/cli-commands/shrinkwrap).
This command installs a package and any packages that it depends on. If the
package has a package-lock, or an npm shrinkwrap file, or a yarn lock file, the
installation of dependencies will be driven by that, respecting the following
order of precedence:

* `node_modules/.package-lock.json`
* `npm-shrinkwrap.json`
* `package-lock.json`
* `yarn.lock`

See [package-lock.json](/configuring-npm/package-lock-json) and [`npm shrinkwrap`](/cli-commands/shrinkwrap).

A `package` is:

Expand All @@ -50,9 +57,9 @@ perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
after packing it up into a tarball (b).


* `npm install` (in package directory, no arguments):
* `npm install` (in a package directory, no arguments):

Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder.
Install the dependencies in the local `node_modules` folder.

In global mode (ie, with `-g` or `--global` appended to the command),
it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
Expand All @@ -75,13 +82,13 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
Install the package in the directory as a symlink in the current project.
Its dependencies will be installed before it's linked. If `<folder>` sits
inside the root of your project, its dependencies may be hoisted to the
toplevel `node_modules` as they would for other types of dependencies.
top-level `node_modules` as they would for other types of dependencies.

* `npm install <tarball file>`:

Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just want
to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by
using `npm link`.
using [`npm link`](/cli-commands/npm-link).

Tarball requirements:
* The filename *must* use `.tar`, `.tar.gz`, or `.tgz` as
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -114,24 +121,6 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).

npm install sax

* `npm install <alias>@npm:<name>`:

Install a package under a custom alias. Allows multiple versions of
a same-name package side-by-side, more convenient import names for
packages with otherwise long ones and using git forks replacements
or forked npm packages as replacements. Aliasing works only on your
project and does not rename packages in transitive dependencies.
Aliases should follow the naming conventions stated in
[`validate-npm-package-name`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/validate-npm-package-name#naming-rules).

Examples:

npm install my-react@npm:react
npm install jquery2@npm:jquery@2
npm install jquery3@npm:jquery@3
npm install npa@npm:npm-package-arg


`npm install` saves any specified packages into `dependencies` by default.
Additionally, you can control where and how they get saved with some
additional flags:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -181,6 +170,24 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
fetch the package by name if it is not valid.

* `npm install <alias>@npm:<name>`:

Install a package under a custom alias. Allows multiple versions of
a same-name package side-by-side, more convenient import names for
packages with otherwise long ones, and using git forks replacements
or forked npm packages as replacements. Aliasing works only on your
project and does not rename packages in transitive dependencies.
Aliases should follow the naming conventions stated in
[`validate-npm-package-name`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/validate-npm-package-name#naming-rules).

Examples:

npm install my-react@npm:react
npm install jquery2@npm:jquery@2
npm install jquery3@npm:jquery@3
npm install npa@npm:npm-package-arg


* `npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>`:

Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -217,7 +224,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
Example:
```bash
npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
npm install @myorg/privatepackage@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
npm install @myorg/privatepackage@"16 - 17"
```

* `npm install <git remote url>`:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -263,6 +270,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
```bash
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli.git#v1.0.27
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli#pull/273
npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/cli#semver:^5.0
npm install git+https://isaacs@github.com/npm/cli.git
npm install git://github.com/npm/cli.git#v1.0.27
Expand All @@ -283,7 +291,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
specified, then `master` is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script, before the package is
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Examples:
Expand All @@ -300,7 +308,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
optional and will not be saved in `package.json`.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script, before the package is
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
Expand All @@ -322,7 +330,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
specified, then `master` is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script, before the package is
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
Expand All @@ -344,7 +352,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
specified, then `master` is used.
As with regular git dependencies, `dependencies` and `devDependencies` will
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script, before the package is
be installed if the package has a `prepare` script before the package is
done installing.
Example:
Expand All @@ -354,7 +362,7 @@ after packing it up into a tarball (b).
npm install gitlab:myusr/myproj#semver:^5.0
```
You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments.
You may combine multiple arguments and even multiple types of arguments.
For example:
```bash
Expand All @@ -378,10 +386,6 @@ local copy exists on disk.
npm install sax --force
```
The `--no-fund` argument will hide the message displayed at the end of each
install that acknowledges the number of dependencies looking for funding.
See `npm-fund(1)`
The `-g` or `--global` argument will cause npm to install the package globally
rather than locally. See [folders](/configuring-npm/folders).
Expand All @@ -398,17 +402,29 @@ The `--legacy-bundling` argument will cause npm to install the package such
that versions of npm prior to 1.4, such as the one included with node 0.8,
can install the package. This eliminates all automatic deduping.
The `--legacy-peer-deps` argument will cause npm to ignore all
`peerDependencies` when installing, similar to npm@6 and older.
The `--link` argument will cause npm to link global installs into the
local space in some cases.
local space whenever packages from the global space may satisfy a dependency
required version.
The `--no-audit` argument can be used to disable sending audit reports to
the configured registries. See [`npm-audit`](npm-audit) for details on what
is sent.
The `--no-bin-links` argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for
any binaries the package might contain.
The `--no-fund` argument will hide the message displayed at the end of each
install that acknowledges the number of dependencies looking for funding.
See [`npm-fund`](/cli-commands/npm-fund)
The `--no-optional` argument will prevent optional dependencies from
being installed.
The `--no-shrinkwrap` argument, which will ignore an available
package lock or shrinkwrap file and use the package.json instead.
package-lock or shrinkwrap file and use the package.json instead.
The `--no-package-lock` argument will prevent npm from creating a
`package-lock.json` file. When running with package-lock's disabled npm
Expand All @@ -418,32 +434,20 @@ The `--nodedir=/path/to/node/source` argument will allow npm to find the
node source code so that npm can compile native modules.
The `--only={prod[uction]|dev[elopment]}` argument will cause either only
`devDependencies` or only non-`devDependencies` to be installed regardless of the `NODE_ENV`.
`devDependencies` or only non-`devDependencies` to be installed regardless
of the `NODE_ENV`.
The `--no-audit` argument can be used to disable sending of audit reports to
the configured registries. See [`npm-audit`](npm-audit) for details on what is sent.
The `--strict-peer-deps` argument will cause the install to fail on any
`peerDependencies` conflict, even if it's possible to use a heuristic to
provide a least-surprising resolution to a given conflict.
See [`config`](/using-npm/config). Many of the configuration params have some
effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does.
#### Algorithm
To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:
```bash
load the existing node_modules tree from disk
clone the tree
fetch the package.json and assorted metadata and add it to the clone
walk the clone and add any missing dependencies
dependencies will be added as close to the top as is possible
without breaking any other modules
compare the original tree with the cloned tree and make a list of
actions to take to convert one to the other
execute all of the actions, deepest first
kinds of actions are install, update, remove and move
```
For this `package{dep}` structure: `A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}`,
this algorithm produces:
Given a `package{dep}` structure: `A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}`,
the npm install algorithm produces:
```bash
A
Expand All @@ -466,39 +470,13 @@ A
+-- D@1
```
Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top level, C now has to install D@2
Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top-level, C now has to install D@2
privately for itself. This algorithm is deterministic, but different trees may
be produced if two dependencies are requested for installation in a different
order.
See [folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for a more detailed description of the specific folder structures that npm creates.
### Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm
npm will refuse to install any package with an identical name to the
current package. This can be overridden with the `--force` flag, but in
most cases can simply be addressed by changing the local package name.
There are some very rare and pathological edge-cases where a cycle can
cause npm to try to install a never-ending tree of packages. Here is
the simplest case:
```bash
A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> ...
```
where `A` is some version of a package, and `A'` is a different version
of the same package. Because `B` depends on a different version of `A`
than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
copy. The same is true of `A'`, which must install `B'`. Because `B'`
depends on the original version of `A`, which has been overridden, the
cycle falls into infinite regress.
To avoid this situation, npm flat-out refuses to install any
`name@version` that is already present anywhere in the tree of package
folder ancestors. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be
to symlink the existing version into the new location. If this ever
affects a real use-case, it will be investigated.
See [folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for a more detailed description of the
specific folder structures that npm creates.
### See Also
Expand Down

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