Add Miller-Rabin probable prime test #638
Merged
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This can mark a number as either "probably prime", or "definitely composite". The first parameter is the base, and the second is the number to test.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test#Strong_probable_primes
Future PRs will build up the Strong Lucas test which complements this, and then form the Baillie-PSW test by composing the two.
Helps #506.