Lohika

Lohika is a proof generator for entailments and tautologies in first-order logic. It takes a logical statement, written in first-order logic, and applies resolution calculus to it (see How Lohika's Proof Generator Works) to generate a proof. If premises are provided in the input, Lohika will attempt to prove the conclusion from them. Otherwise, Lohika will check if the statement is a tautology.

Contents

• Most Relevant Features
  • Proof Generation
  • Editor View
  • Lohika Scripts
  • MathJax
  • Supported Logical Symbols
• How Lohika's Proof Generator Works
• Install and Run Lohika
• Screenshots and Demos
• Icons
• License

Most Relevant Features

Proof Generation

The user can enter a string in the form P |= Q, where P is a set of comma-separated premises, and Q is the conclusion to prove. If no premises are provided (i.e. the P |= part is omitted), Lohika will show whether the given proposition is a tautology.

Here are some examples to try:

• A:a,b[P(a, b) & Q(b) -> P(a, b)] (no premises)
• P(a) |= E:xP(x)
• E:xP(x), A:x(P(x) -> Q(x)) |= E:xQ(x)

Lohika's output is a series of steps that show whether the conclusion follows from the premises, or is a tautology. How Lohika does this is explained in How Lohika's Proof Generator Works. Some of the technical terms in the proof are also rendered as links to Wikipedia pages (though they will be loaded within Lohika's UI directly when clicked, since Lohika uses ScalaFX's WebView).

Editor View

Lohika supports a simple editor view/pane that would allow the user to enter complicated logical entailments. For now, it only contains the most basic features such as syntax-highlighting, auto-indentation, and line numbering, but there are plans to improve it in the future.

Lohika Scripts

With Lohika's new script management features, the user should be able to:

• Create a new Lohika script. Note that the script would remain in memory until you explicitly save it to a file.
• Save/Save-as Lohika script to a (new) file.
• Load/Open a script from a file.

MathJax

The formulas in the Solutions View will be rendered using MathJax. You can see this in action in the Screenshots and Demos section.

Supported Logical Symbols

Symbol	How to write them	Example
Negation	!	!P
Disjunction	|	P | Q
Conjunction	&	P & Q
Implication	->	P -> Q
Biconditional	<->	P <-> Q
Entailment	|=	P |= Q
Universal Quantifier	A:	A:x,y(P(x) -> Q(y))
Existential Quantifier	E:	E:a,bR(a,b)
Define-as Operator	:=	A := P & R

How Lohika's Proof Generator Works

Lohika relies on proof by contradiction. It will negate the conclusion, and then see if that will lead to a contradiction. If it will, the original conclusion must be true.

Lohika's proof generator algorithm is explained in the following steps:

1. Unfold the entailment. Unfolding in Lohika means replacing any defined terms and formulas with their corresponding definitions.

2. Negate the conclusion.

3. Convert the premises and the negated conclusion into their corresponding conjunctive normal forms (CNFs). The following preparatory steps are needed before we can convert to CNF:

   1. Conditionals elimination (both implications and bi-conditionals).
   2. Conversion to Negation Normal Form (NNF).
   3. Standardization. This eliminates potential name clashes by applying a series of alpha-conversions to make all first-order variables unique.
   4. Conversion to Prenex Normal Form (PNF).
   5. Skolemization. This removes the existential quantifiers by replacing them with Skolem constants and/or Skolem functions.
   6. Dropping of universal quantifiers. All remaining variables at this point are assumed to be universally bound.

   Once those steps are completed, we can proceed with the classic CNF conversion as if the formulas weren't in first-order.

4. Add all the clauses from the resulting CNFs to the clause set.

5. Choose a pair with which we can apply the resolution rule to either derive a new clause or find complementary literals.

   If it's the former, the new clause is added to the clause set, and we apply resolution for a new selected pair. If, however, complementary literals are found, we take that as a contradiction, and the proof is complete.

   If we have exhausted all possible options (i.e. tried all possible pairs) and found no contradictions and derived no new clauses, we conclude that the proposition to prove does not follow from the premises (not semantically valid).

Install and Run Lohika

1. Install Java, if you haven't already. Lohika is written in Scala, so the executable needs a JRE to run.
2. Head to the releases page and get the jar file of the latest release.
3. Run it via the Java jar command:

   $ java -jar <path-to-lohika>/lohika-ui-<version>.jar

Screenshots and Demos

Here's what Lohika currently looks like:

And here's a link to a sample video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/10Gyg7z0SSfMt3wRMeieAtYrDw8J0QHEa/view?usp=drive_link

Note: The video above is already outdated. See this issue and upload an updated video.

Icons

This project uses icons download from the following sources:

• Uicons by Flaticon

License

MIT License