A Python client to RDAP WHOIS-like services for internet resources (IPs, ASNs, domains,
etc.). whoisit
is a simple library that makes requests to the "new" RDAP (Registration
Data Access Protocol) query services for internet resource information. These services
started to appear in 2017 and have become more widespread since 2020.
whoisit
is designed to abstract over RDAP. While RDAP is a basic HTTP and JSON based
protocol which can be implemented in a single line of Python with requests
the
bootstrapping (which RDAP service to query for what item) and extracting useful
information from the RDAP responses is extensive enough that a library like this is
useful.
whoisit
is pure Python and only has a dependancy on the requests
and dateutil
libraries. You can install whoisit
via pip:
$ pip install whoisit
Any modern version of Python3 will be compatible.
whoisit
supports the 4 main types of lookups supported by RDAP services. These are:
- ASNs (autonomous systems numbers) known as
autnum
objects - DNS registrations known as
domain
objects - only some TLDs are supported - IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and CIDRs / prefixes known as
ip
objects - Entities (People, organisations etc. by ENTITY-HANDLES) known as
entity
objects
whoisit
returns parsed RDAP formatted JSON as (mostly) flat dictionaries by default.
Basic examples:
import whoisit
whoisit.bootstrap()
results = whoisit.asn(1234)
print(results['name'])
results = whoisit.domain('example.com')
print(results['nameservers'])
results = whoisit.ip('1.2.3.4')
print(results['name'])
results = whoisit.ip('1.2.3.0/24')
print(results['name'])
results = whoisit.ip('2404:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234')
print(results['name'])
results = whoisit.ip('2404:1234::/32')
print(results['name'])
results = whoisit.entity('ARIN')
print(results['last_changed_date'])
Basic async examples:
import whoisit
import asyncio
async def whoisit_lookups():
results = await whoisit.asn_async(1234)
print(results['name'])
results = await whoisit.domain_async('example.com')
print(results['nameservers'])
results = await whoisit.ip_async('1.2.3.4')
print(results['name'])
results = await whoisit.ip_async('1.2.3.0/24')
print(results['name'])
results = await whoisit.ip_async('2404:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234:1234')
print(results['name'])
results = await whoisit.ip_async('2404:1234::/32')
print(results['name'])
results = await whoisit.entity_async('ARIN')
print(results['last_changed_date'])
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(whoisit.bootstrap_async())
loop.run_until_complete(whoisit_lookups())
loop.close()
In each case results
will be a dictionary containing the most useful information for
each request type. If the data you want is not in the response you can request the raw,
unparsed and large RDAP JSON data by adding the raw=True
argument to the request, for
example:
results = whoisit.domain('example.com', raw=True)
# 'results' is now the full, raw response from the RDAP service
If for some reason you accidentally end up querying the wrong RDAP endpoint your query
should end up still working, for example if you query ARIN for information on the IP
address 1.1.1.1
it will redirect you to APNIC (where 1.1.1.1
is allocated)
automatically.
Some resources, most notably entity handles, do not redirect or have assigned obvious
namespaces linked to particular registries. For these queries whoisit
will attempt to
guess the RDAP service to query by examining the name for prefixes or postfix, such as
many RIPE entities are named RIPE-SOMETHING
. If your entity does not have an obvious
prefix or postfix like ARIN-*
or *-AP
you will need to tell whoisit
which registry
to make the request to by specifying the rir=name
argument. The rir
argument stands
for "Regional Internet Registry". For example:
# This will work OK because the entity is prefixed with an obvious RIR name
results = whoisit.entity('RIPE-NCC-MNT')
# This will cause a QueryError to be raised because ARIN returns a 404 for RIPE-NCC-MNT
results = whoisit.entity('RIPE-NCC-MNT', rir='arin')
# This will cause a UnsupportedError to be raised because we have no way to detect
# which RDAP service to query as the entity has no RIR prefix or postfix
results = whoisit.entity('AS5089-MNT')
# This will work OK because the entity is registered at RIPE
results = whoisit.entity('AS5089-MNT', rir='ripe')
Some RDAP servers do not have particularly secure SSL implementations. As RDAP returns
read-only and public information it may be acceptable for you to want to downgrade the
security of your whoisit
requests to successfully return data.
You can use the allow_insecure_ssl=True
argument to your queries to enable this.
For example (as of 2021-07-25):
# This will result in an SSL error
results = whoisit.domain('nic.work')
# ... SSLError(SSLError(1, '[SSL: DH_KEY_TOO_SMALL] dh key too small (_ssl.c:1129)')))
# This will work
results = whoisit.domain('nic.work', allow_insecure_ssl=True)
Note that with allow_insecure_ssl=True
the upstream RDAP server certificate is
still validated, it just permits weaker SSL ciphers during the handshake. You should
only use allow_insecure_ssl=True
if your request fails with an SSL cipher or
handshake error first.
Many RDAP endpoints for domains supply a related RDAP server run by a registry which
may contain more information about the domain. whoisit
by default will attempt to
make a subrequest to the related RDAP endpoint if available to obtain more detailed
results. Occasionally, the related RDAP endpoints may fail or return data in an
invalid format. You can disable related RDAP endpoint subrequests by passing the
follow_related=False
argument to whoisit.domain(...)
. For example (as of 2024-04-30):
results = whoisit.domain('example.com', follow_related=False)
If you encounter a parsing error when using related RDAP endpoint data you can also
skip the parsing by using raw=True
but continue to use related RDAP data. whoisit
will attempt to handle the RDAP data returned but there will be occasions when RDAP
results change beyond what whoisit
can parse. When using raw data you will need to
parse the data yourself.
You can also write a fallback:
try:
results = whoisit.domain('example.com')
# Assume an error parsing the related RDAP data occurs here
except Exception as e:
print(f'Failed to look up domain, trying fallback: {e}')
results = whoisit.domain('example.com', follow_related=False)
# Likely to succeed if the related RDAP data was the issue
whoisit
needs to know which RDAP service to query for a resource. This information is
provided by the IANA as bootstrapping information. Bootstrapping data simply says things
like "this CIDR is allocated to ARIN, this CIDR is allocated to RIPE" and so on for all
resources. The bootstrap data means you should be directly querying the correct RDAP
server for your request at all times. You should cache the bootstrap information locally
if you plan to make more than a single request otherwise you'll make additional requests
to the IANA every time you run a query. Example bootstrap information caching:
import whoisit
print(whoisit.is_bootstrapped()) # -> False
whoisit.bootstrap() # Slow, makes several HTTP requests to the IANA
print(whoisit.is_bootstrapped()) # -> True
# bootstrap_info returned here is a string of JSON serialised bootstap information
# You can store it in a memory cache or write it to disk for a few days
bootstrap_info = whoisit.save_bootstrap_data()
# Clear bootstrapping data
whoisit.clear_bootstrapping()
# Later, you can do
print(whoisit.is_bootstrapped()) # -> False
if not whoisit.is_bootstrapped():
whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(bootstrap_info) # Fast, no HTTP requests made
print(whoisit.is_bootstrapped()) # -> True
# For convenience internally whoisit stores a timestamp of when the bootstrap data was
# last updated and has a "is older than" helper method
if whoisit.bootstrap_is_older_than(days=3):
# Bootstrap data was last updated over 3 days ago, refresh it
whoisit.clear_bootstrapping()
whoisit.bootstrap()
bootstrap_info = whoisit.save_bootstrap_data() # and save it to upload your cache
As of whoisit
version 3.0.0 there is also an optional async interface:
await whoisit.bootstrap_async()
A reasonable suggested way to handle bootstrapping data would be to use Memcached or Redis, for example:
import whoisit
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
bootstrap_info = r.get('whoisit_bootstrap_info')
if bootstrap_info:
whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(bootstrap_info)
else:
whoisit.bootstrap()
bootstrap_info = whoisit.save_bootstrap_data()
expire_in_3_days = 60 * 60 * 24 *3
r.set('whoisit_bootstrap_info', bootstrap_info, ex=expire_in_3_days)
# Send queries as normal once bootstrapped
whoisit.asn(12345)
Some services, most notably TLDs, do have RDAP servers which may not be set properly
in the IANA bootstrap data. whoisit
maintains a record of these and can patch the
IANA data to allow more TLDs to be queried. You can enable this with the
overrides=True
parameter when loading bootstrap data:
whoisit.bootstrap(overrides=True)
or
whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(bootstrap_info, overrides=True)
Both whoisit.save_bootstrap_data()
and whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(some_data)
also
support as_json=True
as a default argument. The default operation is to return bootstrap
data as a JSON encoded string and load it from a JSON encoded string. If you want to
serialise the bootstrapping information in some other format you can use set as_json=False
on
both whoisit.save_bootstrap_data(as_json=False)
and
whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(some_data, as_json=False)
. These methods will then return and
load a Python dictionary instead of JSON and you can perform serialisation yourself however
you need in your application.
Important: when using the overrides you may recieve non-standard data, data that is not in the same format as officially listed IANA data and you may not recieve a copy of any required terms of service or terms of use. You will have to manually verify data returned by overridden endpoints.
Some RDAP servers are only available over HTTP and not HTTPS. This is disabled by
default. When you bootstrap whoisit
a debug
notice will be emitted for any RDAP
endpoint that is not loaded because it is insecure. For example:
# Enable debug logging
import os
os.environ['DEBUG'] = 'true'
# Load and boostrap whoisit
import whoisit
# > [datetime] bootstrap [DEBUG] Cleared bootstrap data
whoisit.bootstrap()
# > ... debug logs ...
# > [datetime] bootstrap [DEBUG] No valid RDAP service URLs could be parsed
# from: ['http://cctld.uz:9000/'] (insecure scheme,
# try whoisit.bootstrap(allow_insecure=True))
# > ... debug logs ...
# > [datetime] bootstrap [DEBUG] Bootstrapped
This line informs you that an RDAP endpoint has been skipped because it is only
available over HTTP. You can opt-in to allow insecure endpoints by calling the
bootstrap methods bootstrap()
and load_bootstrap_data()
with the optional
allow_insecure=True
argument. For example:
# Bootstrap with allowing insecure endpoints
whoisit.bootstrap(allow_insecure=True)
or
# Load saved bootstrap data with allowing insecure endpoints
whoisit.load_bootstrap_data(bootstrap_info, allow_insecure=True)
By default whoisit
returns parsed, summary useful information. This information is
simplified. This means that some information is lost from the raw, original data. For
example, whoisit
doesn't return the date that nameservers were last updated. If you
need more information than whoisit
returns by default remember to add raw=True
to
your query and parse the RDAP response yourself.
Data from whoisit
is returned, where possible, as rich data types such as datetime
,
IPv4Network
and IPv6Network
objects.
The following values are returned for every successful response:
response = {
'handle': str, # Entity handle for the object, always set
'parent_handle': str, # Parent entity handle for the object
'name': str, # Name of the object
'whois_server': str, # WHOIS server hostname object data can be found on
'type': str, # Object type, such as autnum or domain
'terms_of_service_url': str, # URL to the terms of service for using the object data
'copyright_notice', str, # Copyright notice for the object data
'description': list, # List of text lines that describe the object
'last_changed_date': datetime or None, # Date and time the object was last updated
'registration_date': datetime or None, # Date and time the object was registered
'expiration_date': datetime or None, # Date and time the object expires
'rir': str, # Short name of the RIR for the object, such as 'arin'
'url': str, # URL to the RDAP query which was made for this request
'entities': dict, # A dict of entities linked to the object
}
The entities dictionary has the following format, note there may be multiple entities for each role:
response['entities']['some_role'][] = { # Role names are strings, like 'registrant'
'email': str, # Email address of the entity
'handle': str, # Handle of the entity
'name': str, # Name of the entity
'rir': str, # Short name of the RIR where the entity is registered
'type': str, # Type of the entity, usually 'entity'
'url': str, # URL to an RDAP service to query this entity
'whois_server': str, # WHOIS server hostname entity data can be found on
}
In addition to the default data for all responses listed above requests have additional extra fields in their responses, these are:
# ASN response data includes all shared general response fields above and also:
response = {
'asn_range': list, # A list of the start and end range for an AS allocation
# For example, [123,134] or [123,123]
}
# Domain response data includes all shared general response fields above and also:
response = {
'unicode_name': str, # Domain name in unicode if available
'nameservers': list, # List of name servers for the domain as strings
'status': list, # List of the domain states as strings
}
# IP response data includes all shared general response fields above and also:
response = {
'country': str, # Two letter country code for the IP block
'ip_version': int, # 4 or 6 to denote the IP version
'assignment_type': str, # Assignment type, such as 'assigned portable'
'network': IPvXNetwork, # A IPv4Network or IPv6Network object for the prefix
}
# Entity response data includes all shared general response fields above and also:
response = {
'email': str, # If the entity as a root vcard the email address
}
A full example response for an IP query for the IPv4 address 1.1.1.1
:
import whoisit
whoisit.bootstrap()
response = whoisit.ip('1.1.1.1')
print(response)
{
'handle': '1.1.1.0 - 1.1.1.255',
'parent_handle': '',
'name': 'APNIC-LABS',
'whois_server': 'whois.apnic.net',
'type': 'ip network',
'terms_of_service_url': 'http://www.apnic.net/db/dbcopyright.html',
'copyright_notice': '',
'description': [
'APNIC and Cloudflare DNS Resolver project',
'Routed globally by AS13335/Cloudflare',
'Research prefix for APNIC Labs'
],
'last_changed_date': datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 15, 13, 10, 57, tzinfo=tzutc()),
'registration_date': None,
'expiration_date': None,
'url': 'https://rdap.apnic.net/ip/1.1.1.0/24',
'rir': 'apnic',
'entities': {
'abuse': [
{
'handle': 'IRT-APNICRANDNET-AU',
'url': 'https://rdap.apnic.net/entity/IRT-APNICRANDNET-AU',
'type': 'entity',
'name': 'IRT-APNICRANDNET-AU',
'email': 'helpdesk@apnic.net',
'rir': 'apnic'
}
],
'administrative': [
{
'handle': 'AR302-AP',
'url': 'https://rdap.apnic.net/entity/AR302-AP',
'type': 'entity',
'name': 'APNIC RESEARCH',
'email': 'research@apnic.net',
'rir': 'apnic'
}
],
'technical': [
{
'handle': 'AR302-AP',
'url': 'https://rdap.apnic.net/entity/AR302-AP',
'type': 'entity',
'name': 'APNIC RESEARCH',
'email': 'research@apnic.net',
'rir': 'apnic'
]
},
'country': 'AU',
'ip_version': 4,
'assignment_type': 'assigned portable',
'network': IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24')
}
Returns boolean True or False if your whoisit
instance is bootstrapped or not.
Bootstraps your whoisit
instance with remote IANA bootstrap information. Returns
True or raises a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception if it fails. This method
makes HTTP requests to the IANA.
Clears any stored bootstrap information. Always returns boolean True.
Returns a string of JSON serialised bootstrap information if any is loaded. If no
bootstrap information loaded a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
will be raised.
Loads a string of JSON serialised bootstrap data as returned by save_bootstrap_data()
.
Returns True if the data is loaded or raises a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
if
loading fails.
Tests if the loaded bootstrap data is older than the specified number of days as an
integer. Returns True or False. If no bootstrap information is loaded a
whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception will be raised.
Queries a remote RDAP server for information about the specified AS number. AS number
must be an integer. Returns a dict of information. If raw=True
is passed a large dict
of the raw RDAP response will be returned. If the query fails a
whoisit.errors.QueryError
exception will be raised. If no bootstrap data is loaded
a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception will be raised. if allow_insecure_ssl=True
is passed the RDAP queries will allow weaker SSL handshakes. Examples:
whoisit.asn(12345)
whoisit.asn(12345, rir='arin')
whoisit.asn(12345, raw=True)
whoisit.asn(12345, rir='arin', raw=True)
whoisit.asn(12345, allow_insecure_ssl=True)
As of whoisit
version 3.0.0 there is also an optional async interface:
response = await whoisit.asn_async(12345)
Queries a remote RDAP server for information about the specified domain name. The domain
name must be a string and in a valid domain name "something.tld" style format. Returns a
dict of information. If raw=True
is passed a large dict of the raw RDAP response will
be returned. If the query fails a whoisit.errors.QueryError
exception will be raised.
If no bootstrap data is loaded a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception will be
raised. If the TLD is unsupported a whoisit.errors.UnsupportedError
exception will be
raised. if allow_insecure_ssl=True
is passed the RDAP queries will allow weaker SSL
handshakes. Note that not all TLDs are supported, only some have RDAP services!
Examples:
whoisit.domain('example.com')
whoisit.domain('example.com', raw=True)
whoisit.domain('example.com', allow_insecure_ssl=True)
As of whoisit
version 3.0.0 there is also an optional async interface:
response = await whoisit.domain_async('example.com')
Queries a remote RDAP server for information about the specified IP address or CIDR. The
IP address or CIDR must be a string and in the correct IP address or CIDR format or
any one of IPv4Address, IPv4Network, IPv6Address or IPv6Network objects. Returns a dict
of information. If raw=True
is passed a large dict of the raw RDAP response will be
returned. If the query fails a whoisit.errors.QueryError
exception will be raised. If
no bootstrap data is loaded a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception will be raised.
if allow_insecure_ssl=True
is passed the RDAP queries will allow weaker SSL handshakes.
Examples:
whoisit.ip('1.1.1.1')
whoisit.ip('1.1.1.1', rir='apnic')
whoisit.ip('1.1.1.1', raw=True, rir='apnic')
whoisit.ip('1.1.1.0/24')
whoisit.ip(IPv4Address('1.1.1.1'))
whoisit.ip(IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24'))
whoisit.ip(IPv6Address('2001:4860:4860::8888'))
whoisit.ip(IPv6Network('2001:4860::/32'), rir='arin')
whoisit.ip('1.1.1.1', allow_insecure_ssl=True)
As of whoisit
version 3.0.0 there is also an optional async interface:
response = await whoisit.ip_async('1.1.1.1')
Queries a remote RDAP server for information about the specified entity name. The
entity name must be a string and in the correct entity format. Returns a dict of
information. If raw=True
is passed a large dict of the raw RDAP response will be
returned. If the query fails a whoisit.errors.QueryError
exception will be raised.
If no bootstrap data is loaded a whoisit.errors.BootstrapError
exception will be
raised. if allow_insecure_ssl=True
is passed the RDAP queries will allow weaker
SSL handshakes. Examples:
whoisit.entity('ZG39-ARIN')
whoisit.entity('ZG39-ARIN', rir='arin')
whoisit.entity('ZG39-ARIN', rir='arin', raw=True)
whoisit.entity('ZG39-ARIN', allow_insecure_ssl=True)
As of whoisit
version 3.0.0 there is also an optional async interface:
response = await whoisit.entity_async('ZG39-ARIN')
All data returned by RDAP servers are covered by the various policies embeddd in the results. As such you should carefuly review your usage of the data to make sure it complies with the policy of the RDAP server you are querying.
As an API client whoisit
is entirely subject to the resource and request limits
applied by the remote RDAP servers it queries. If you recieve request errors for rate
limiting you should slow down your requests. Different servers have different limits.
The LACNIC RDAP server in particular only permits a low number of requests per minute.
There is a test suite that you can run by cloning this repository, installing the required dependancies and execuiting:
$ make test
whoisit
will check for a DEBUG
environment variable and if set, will output debug
logs that detail the internals for the bootstrapping, requests and parsing operations.
If you want to enable debug logging, set DEBUG=true
(or 1
or y
etc.). For example:
$ export DEBUG=true
$ python3 some-script-that-uses-whoisit.py
All properly formatted and sensible pull requests, issues and comments are welcome.