Auto merge of #116733 - compiler-errors:alias-liveness-but-this-time-…

…sound, r=aliemjay

Consider alias bounds when computing liveness in NLL (but this time sound hopefully)

This is a revival of #116040, except removing the changes to opaque lifetime captures check to make sure that we're not triggering any unsoundness due to the lack of general existential regions and the currently-existing `ReErased` hack we use instead.

r? `@aliemjay` -- I appreciate you pointing out the unsoundenss in the previous iteration of this PR, and I'd like to hear that you're happy with this iteration of this PR before this goes back into FCP :>

Fixes #116794 as well

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(mostly copied from #116040 and reworked slightly)

# Background

Right now, liveness analysis in NLL is a bit simplistic. It simply walks through all of the regions of a type and marks them as being live at points. This is problematic in the case of aliases, since it requires that we mark **all** of the regions in their args[^1] as live, leading to bugs like #42940.

In reality, we may be able to deduce that fewer regions are allowed to be present in the projected type (or "hidden type" for opaques) via item bounds or where clauses, and therefore ideally, we should be able to soundly require fewer regions to be live in the alias.

For example:
```rust
trait Captures<'a> {}
impl<T> Captures<'_> for T {}

fn capture<'o>(_: &'o mut ()) -> impl Sized + Captures<'o> + 'static {}

fn test_two_mut(mut x: ()) {
    let _f1 = capture(&mut x);
    let _f2 = capture(&mut x);
    //~^ ERROR cannot borrow `x` as mutable more than once at a time
}
```

In the example above, we should be able to deduce from the `'static` bound on `capture`'s opaque that even though `'o` is a captured region, it *can never* show up in the opaque's hidden type, and can soundly be ignored for liveness purposes.

# The Fix

We apply a simple version of RFC 1214's `OutlivesProjectionEnv` and `OutlivesProjectionTraitDef` rules to NLL's `make_all_regions_live` computation.

Specifically, when we encounter an alias type, we:
1. Look for a unique outlives bound in the param-env or item bounds for that alias. If there is more than one unique region, bail, unless any of the outlives bound's regions is `'static`, and in that case, prefer `'static`. If we find such a unique region, we can mark that outlives region as live and skip walking through the args of the opaque.
2. Otherwise, walk through the alias's args recursively, as we do today.

## Limitation: Multiple choices

This approach has some limitations. Firstly, since liveness doesn't use the same type-test logic as outlives bounds do, we can't really try several options when we're faced with a choice.

If we encounter two unique outlives regions in the param-env or bounds, we simply fall back to walking the opaque via its args. I expect this to be mostly mitigated by the special treatment of `'static`, and can be fixed in a forwards-compatible by a more sophisticated analysis in the future.

## Limitation: Opaque hidden types

Secondly, we do not employ any of these rules when considering whether the regions captured by a hidden type are valid. That causes this code (cc #42940) to fail:

```rust
trait Captures<'a> {}
impl<T> Captures<'_> for T {}

fn a() -> impl Sized + 'static {
    b(&vec![])
}

fn b<'o>(_: &'o Vec<i32>) -> impl Sized + Captures<'o> + 'static {}
```

We need to have existential regions to avoid [unsoundness](rust-lang/rust#116040 (comment)) when an opaque captures a region which is not represented in its own substs but which outlives a region that does.

## Read more

Context: rust-lang/rust#115822 (comment) (for the liveness case)
More context: rust-lang/rust#42940 (comment) (for the opaque capture case, which this does not fix)

[^1]: except for bivariant region args in opaques, which will become less relevant when we move onto edition 2024 capture semantics for opaques.