Update node-selection documentation with information about taints,

tolerations, and alpha support for per-pod-configurable behavior
when there are node problems.

docs/user-guide/node-selection/index.md

@@ -198,3 +198,215 @@ must be satisfied for the pod to schedule onto a node.
 
 For more information on inter-pod affinity/anti-affinity, see the design doc
 [here](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/podaffinity.md).
+
+## Taints and tolerations (beta feature)
+
+### Specifying taints and tolerations
+
+Node affinity, described earlier, allows a pod to "be attracted to" a set of nodes
+(either as a preference or a hard requirement). Taints are the opposite -- they allow
+a *node* to *repel* a set of pods.
+
+More concretely: *taints* go on nodes, and *tolerations* go on pods. A taint on a node
+means "repel all pods that do not tolerate the taint."
+
+You add a taint to a node using [kubectl taint](https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_taint/).
+For example,
+
+```shell
+kubectl taint nodes node1 key=value:NoSchedule
+```
+
+places a taint on node `node1`. The taint has key `key`, value `value`, and taint effect `NoSchedule`.
+This means that no pod will be able to schedule on `node1` unless it has a matching toleration.
+The toleration is specified in the PodSpec. Both of the following tolerations "match" the
+taint created by the `kubectl taint` line above, and thus a pod with either toleration would be able
+to schedule onto `node1`:
+
+```yaml
+tolerations: 
+- key: "key"
+  operator: "Equal"
+  value: "value"
+  effect: "NoSchedule"
+```
+
+```yaml
+tolerations: 
+- key: "key"
+  operator: "Exists"
+  effect: "NoSchedule"
+```
+
+A toleration "matches" a taint if the `key`s are the same and the `effect`s are the same, and:
+
+* the `operator` is `Exists` (in which case no `value` should be specified), or
+* the `operator` is `Equal` and the `value`s are equal
+
+(`Operator` defaults to `Equal` if not specified.)
+As a special case, an empty `key` with operator `Exists` matches all keys and all values.
+Also as a special case, empty `effect` matches all effects.
+
+The above example used `effect` of `NoSchedule`. Alternatively, you can use `effect` of `PreferNoSchedule`.
+This is a "preference" or "soft" version of `NoSchedule` -- the system will *try* to avoid placing a
+pod that does not tolerate the taint on the node, but it is not required. The third kind of `effect` is
+`NoExecute`, described later.
+
+You can put multiple taints on the same node and multiple tolerations on the same pod.
+The way Kubernetes processes multiple taints and tolerations is like a filter: start
+with all of a node's taints, then ignore the ones for which the pod has a matching toleration; the
+remaining un-ignored taints have the indicated effects on the pod. In particular,
+
+* if there is at least one un-ignored taint with effect `NoSchedule` then Kubernetes will not schedule
+the pod onto that node
+* if there is no un-ignored taint with effect `NoSchedule` but there is at least one un-ignored taint with
+effect `PreferNoSchedule` then Kubernetes will *try* to not schedule the pod onto the node
+* if there is at least one un-ignored taint with effect `NoExecute` then the pod will be evicted from
+the node (if it is already running on the node), and will not be
+scheduled onto the node (if it is not yet running on the node).
+
+For example, imagine you taint a node like this
+
+```shell
+kubectl taint nodes node1 key1=value1:NoSchedule
+kubectl taint nodes node1 key1=value1:NoExecute
+kubectl taint nodes node1 key2=value2:NoSchedule
+```
+
+And a pod has two tolerations:
+
+```yaml
+tolerations: 
+- key: "key1"
+  operator: "Equal"
+  value: "value1"
+  effect: "NoSchedule"
+- key: "key1"
+  operator: "Equal"
+  value: "value1"
+  effect: "NoExecute"
+```
+
+In this case, the pod will not be able to shedule onto the node, because there is no
+toleration matching the third taint. But it will be able to continue running if it is
+already running on the node when the taint is added, because the third taint is the only
+one of the three that is not tolerated by the pod.
+
+Normally, if a taint with effect `NoExecute` is added to a node, then any pods that do
+not tolerate the taint will be evicted immediately, and any pods that do tolerate the
+taint will never be evicted. However, a toleration with `NoExecute` effect can specify
+an optional `tolerationSeconds` field that dictates how long the pod will stay bound
+to the node after the taint is added. For example,
+
+```yaml
+tolerations: 
+- key: "key1"
+  operator: "Equal"
+  value: "value1"
+  effect: "NoExecute"
+  tolerationSeconds: 3600
+```
+
+means that if this pod is running and a matching taint is added to the node, then
+the pod will stay bound to the node for 3600 seconds, and then be evicted. If the
+taint is removed before that time, the pod will not be evicted.
+
+### Example use cases
+
+Taints and tolerations are a flexible way to steer pods away from nodes or evict
+pods that shouldn't be running. A few of the use cases are
+
+* **dedicated nodes**: If you want to dedicate a set of nodes for exclusive use by
+a particular set of users, you can add a taint to those nodes (say, 
+`kubectl taint nodes nodename dedicated=groupName:NoSchedule`) and then add a corresponding
+toleration to their pods (this would be done most easily by writing a custom
+[admission controller](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/admission-controllers/)).
+The pods with the tolerations will then be allowed to use the tainted (dedicated) nodes as
+well as any other nodes in the cluster. If you want to dedicate the nodes to them *and*
+ensure they *only* use the dedicated nodes, then you should additionally add a label similar
+to the taint to the same set of nodes (e.g. `dedicated=groupName`), and the admission
+controller should additionally add a node affinity to require that the pods can only schedule
+onto nodes labeled with `dedicated=groupName`.
+
+* **nodes with special hardware**: In a cluster where a small subset of nodes have specialized
+hardware (for example GPUs), it is desirable to keep pods that don't need the specialized
+hardware off of those nodes, thus leaving room for later-arriving pods that do need the
+specialized hardware. This can be done by tainting the nodes that have the specialized
+hardware (e.g. `kubectl taint nodes nodename special=true:NoSchedule` or
+`kubectl taint nodes nodename special=true:PreferNoSchedule`) and adding a corresponding
+toleration to pods that use the special hardware. As in the dedicated nodes use case,
+it is probably easiest to apply the tolerations using a custom
+[admission controller](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/admission-controllers/)).
+For example, the admission controller could use
+some characteristic(s) of the pod to determine that the pod should be allowed to use
+the special nodes and hence the admission controller should add the toleration.
+To ensure that the pods that need
+the special hardware *only* schedule onto the nodes that have the special hardware, you will need some
+additional mechanism, e.g. you could represent the special resource using
+[opaque integer resources](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/#opaque-integer-resources-alpha-feature)
+and request it as a resource in the PodSpec, or you could label the nodes that have
+the special hardware and use node affinity on the pods that need the hardware.
+
+* **per-pod-configurable eviction behavior when there are node problems (alpha feature)**,
+which is described in the next section.
+
+### Per-pod-configurable eviction behavior when there are node problems (alpha feature)
+
+Earlier we mentioned the `NoExecute` taint effect, which affects pods that are already
+running on the node as follows
+
+ * pods that do not tolerate the taint are evicted immediately
+ * pods that tolerate the taint without specifying `tolerationSeconds` in
+   their toleration specification remain bound forever
+ * pods that tolerate the taint with a specified `tolerationSeconds` remain
+   bound for the specified amount of time
+
+The above behavior is a beta feature. In addition, Kubernetes 1.6 has alpha
+support for representing node problems (currently only "node unreachable" and
+"node not ready", corresponding to the NodeCondition "Ready" being "Unknown" or
+"False" respectively) as taints. When the `TaintBasedEvictions` alpha feature
+is enabled (you can do this by including `TaintBasedEvictions=true` in `--feature-gates`, such as
+`--feature-gates=FooBar=true,TaintBasedEvictions=true`), the taints are automatically
+added by the NodeController and the normal logic for evicting pods from nodes
+based on the Ready NodeCondition is disabled.
+(Note: To maintain the existing [rate limiting](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/node/#node-controller))
+behavior of pod evictions due to node problems, the system actually adds the taints
+in a rate-limited way. This prevents massive pod evictions in scenarios such
+as the master becoming partitioned from the nodes.)
+This alpha feature, in combination with `tolerationSeconds`, allows a pod
+to specify how long it should stay bound to a node that has one or both of these problems.
+
+For example, an application with a lot of local state might want to stay
+bound to node for a long time in the event of network partition, in the hope
+that the partition will recover and thus the pod eviction can be avoided.
+The toleration the pod would use in that case would look like
+
+```yaml
+tolerations: 
+- key: "node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable"
+  operator: "Exists"
+  effect: "NoExecute"
+  tolerationSeconds: 6000
+```
+
+(For the node not ready case, change the key to `node.alpha.kubernetes.io/notReady`.)
+
+Note that Kubernetes automatically adds a toleration for
+`node.alpha.kubernetes.io/notReady` with `tolerationSeconds=300`
+unless the pod configuration provided
+by the user already has a toleration for `node.alpha.kubernetes.io/notReady`.
+Likewise it adds a toleration for
+`node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable` with `tolerationSeconds=300`
+unless the pod configuration provided
+by the user already has a toleration for `node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable`.
+
+These automatically-added tolerations ensure that
+the default pod behavior of remaining bound for 5 minutes after one of these
+problems is detected is maintained.
+The two default tolerations are added by the [DefaultTolerationSeconds
+admission controller](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/plugin/pkg/admission/defaulttolerationseconds).
+
+[DaemonSet](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/daemons/) pods are created with
+`NoExecute` tolerations for `node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable` and `node.alpha.kubernetes.io/notReady`
+with no `tolerationSeconds`. This ensures that DaemonSet pods are never evicted due
+to these problems, which matches the behavior when this feature is disabled.