Add Debian 12(bookworm) support and CI

[0ekk]

What type of PR is this?
/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:
It's an adaption for Debian 12(bookworm). And provide CI support.

containerd:

docker:

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Fixes #10212

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

Add Debian 12(bookworm) support 

[k8s-ci-robot]

Hi @tu1h. Thanks for your PR.

I'm waiting for a kubernetes-sigs member to verify that this patch is reasonable to test. If it is, they should reply with /ok-to-test on its own line. Until that is done, I will not automatically test new commits in this PR, but the usual testing commands by org members will still work. Regular contributors should join the org to skip this step.

Once the patch is verified, the new status will be reflected by the ok-to-test label.

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[yankay]

/ok-to-test

[MrFreezeex]

FYI the CI is a bit flaky sometimes you need to rebase or amend your commit without any change and push force

[0ekk]

/retest

[MrFreezeex]

Thanks for your contribution! :D
/lgtm

[floryut]

@tu1h Thank you man

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: floryut, MrFreezeex, tu1h

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