Bump golang version to 1.21.13 to address security warnings

[zhzhuang-zju]

What type of PR is this?
/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:
Bump golang version to 1.21.13 to address security warnings

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

✗ hack/scan-image-vuln.sh -i docker.io/karmada/karmada-controller-manager:v1.10
Preparing: 'trivy' existence check - pass
---------------------------- the image scanning result of Image <<docker.io/karmada/karmada-controller-manager:v1.10>> ----------------------------

docker.io/karmada/karmada-controller-manager:v1.10 (alpine 3.20.2)

Total: 0 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 0, MEDIUM: 0, HIGH: 0, CRITICAL: 0)

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

Bump golang version to `v1.21.13`

[codecov-commenter]

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Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.30%. Comparing base (1c5d8dc) to head (fdb28df).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           release-1.10    #5371      +/-   ##
================================================
- Coverage         53.31%   53.30%   -0.01%     
================================================
  Files               253      253              
  Lines             20576    20576              
================================================
- Hits              10970    10968       -2     
- Misses             8880     8881       +1     
- Partials            726      727       +1     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	53.30% <ø> (-0.01%)	⬇️

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[liangyuanpeng]

/retest

  STEP: Check if deployment(karmadatest-mv6zx/deploy-qs7nz) disappears on member clusters @ 08/14/24 10:29:40.34
  << Timeline

  [FAILED] Timed out after 420.001s.
  Expected
      <bool>: false
  to equal
      <bool>: true
  In [It] at: /home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/framework/deployment.go:82 @ 08/14/24 10:29:40.325

  Full Stack Trace
    github.com/karmada-io/karmada/test/e2e/framework.WaitDeploymentPresentOnClusterFitWith({0xc00053a3a9, 0x7}, {0xc00011fa40, 0x11}, {0xc000d10cc4, 0xc}, 0xc0004a8ab0)
    	/home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/framework/deployment.go:82 +0x614
    github.com/karmada-io/karmada/test/e2e/framework.WaitDeploymentPresentOnClustersFitWith.func1()
    	/home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/framework/deployment.go:100 +0xc5
    github.com/karmada-io/karmada/test/e2e/framework.WaitDeploymentPresentOnClustersFitWith({0xc0009f8200, 0x3, 0x4}, {0xc00011fa40, 0x11}, {0xc000d10cc4, 0xc}, 0xc0004a8ab0)
    	/home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/framework/deployment.go:98 +0x236
    github.com/karmada-io/karmada/test/e2e.glob..func33.1.3.3()
    	/home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/propagationpolicy_test.go:598 +0x35b
    github.com/karmada-io/karmada/test/e2e.glob..func33.1.3()
    	/home/runner/work/karmada/karmada/test/e2e/propagationpolicy_test.go:596 +0x2c7

[RainbowMango]

/lgtm
/approve

[karmada-bot]

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