rtraining 1.2.3

DESCRIPTION

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Package: rtraining
 Title: R Training
-Version: 1.2.2
+Version: 1.2.3
 Authors@R:
     person("John", "Benninghoff", , "jbenninghoff@mac.com", role = c("aut", "cre"),
            comment = c(ORCID = "0000-0002-6230-4742"))

NEWS.md

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# rtraining 1.2.3
+
+* Added Constraints vs Performance: Visualizations exploring the use of constraints vs performance improvements in risk management.
+
 # rtraining 1.2.2
 
 * Updated for R 4.4.0

README.md

@@ -58,6 +58,10 @@ Notebooks in this package:
   inspired by a 2015 blog
   [post](https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2015/07/09/hey-guess-what-there-really-is-a-hot-hand/)
   on the hot hand.
+- [Constraints vs
+  Performance](https://jabenninghoff.github.io/rtraining/analysis/constraints.html)
+  (2024-04-30): Visualizations exploring the use of constraints vs
+  performance improvements in risk management.
 - [ggplot2 (Getting
   started)](https://jabenninghoff.github.io/rtraining/analysis/ggplot2-1.html)
   (2022-11-20): Workbook for completing quizzes and exercises from the

_freeze/analysis/constraints/execute-results/html.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "hash": "aba248afd6fb391afb3f2368db154646",
+  "result": {
+    "engine": "knitr",
+    "markdown": "---\ntitle: \"Constraints vs Performance\"\nauthor: \"John Benninghoff\"\ndate: '2024-04-30'\ndate-modified: '2024-04-30'\ncategories: notes\norder: 107\noutput:\n  html_notebook:\n    theme:\n      version: 5\n      preset: bootstrap\n    css: assets/extra.css\n    pandoc_args: --shift-heading-level-by=1\n    toc: yes\n    toc_float:\n      collapsed: no\n      smooth_scroll: no\n---\n\n\nVisualizations exploring the use of constraints vs performance improvements in risk management.\n\n# Questions/TODO\n\n- [ ] Questions/TODO list here\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nlibrary(ggplot2)\nlibrary(jbplot)\nlibrary(fs)\n```\n:::\n\n\n# Normal Performance\n\nReplicate a version of Figure 9 from the\n[Safety-II White Paper](https://www.england.nhs.uk/signuptosafety/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2015/10/safety-1-safety-2-whte-papr.pdf),\nwith help from <https://ggplot2tutor.com/tutorials/sampling_distributions>:\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nxmin <- -5\nxmax <- 5\n\nsave_png <- function(filename) {\n  ggsave(filename = path(\"rendered\", filename), width = 16 * 0.6, height = 9 * 0.6, bg = \"white\")\n}\n\nbackground <- ggplot(data.frame(x = c(xmin, xmax)), aes(x)) +\n  scale_x_continuous(breaks = -3:3, minor_breaks = NULL) +\n  labs(x = NULL, y = NULL) +\n  theme_quo(minor.y = FALSE)\n\nbaseline <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = \"line\")\nbad <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = \"area\", fill = \"red\", xlim = c(xmin, -2))\n\nbackground + bad + baseline\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/background-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"01-baseline-bad.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\nThe plot above shows \"bad\" outcomes in red. Let's add in \"good\" outcomes (>1) in green:\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\ngood <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = \"area\", fill = \"green\", xlim = c(1, xmax))\n\nbackground + bad + good + baseline\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/good-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"02-baseline-bad-good.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\n# Constrained Performance\n\nOne way of reducing \"bad\" outcomes is by constraining performance - reducing the standard\ndeviation.\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nconstrained <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = \"line\", color = \"blue\")\ntaller <- scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.6))\n\nbackground +\n  stat_function(\n    fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = \"area\", fill = \"red\", xlim = c(xmin, -2)\n  ) +\n  stat_function(\n    fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = \"area\", fill = \"green\", xlim = c(1, xmax)\n  ) +\n  constrained +\n  taller\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/constrained-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"03-constrained.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\nPlotting both on the same grid shows the reduction in both \"bad\" and \"good\" outcomes:\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nbackground +\n  bad +\n  good +\n  baseline +\n  constrained +\n  taller\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/overlay-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"04-baseline-constrained.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\n# Improved Performance\n\nAnother way of reducing bad outcomes is by improving performance - shifting the mean.\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nperformance <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = \"line\", color = \"blue\")\nimproved <- stat_function(\n  fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = \"area\", fill = \"green\", xlim = c(1, xmax)\n)\n\nbackground +\n  stat_function(\n    fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = \"area\", fill = \"red\", xlim = c(xmin, -2)\n  ) +\n  improved +\n  performance\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/performance-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"05-improved.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\nPlotting both together shows a reduction in \"bad\" and an increase in \"good\" outcomes:\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nbackground +\n  bad +\n  improved +\n  baseline +\n  performance\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/overlay_perf-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"06-baseline-improved.png\")\n```\n:::\n\n\nComparing all three:\n\n\n::: {.cell}\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nbackground +\n  bad +\n  improved +\n  baseline +\n  constrained +\n  performance +\n  taller\n```\n\n::: {.cell-output-display}\n![](constraints_files/figure-html/overlay_all-1.png){width=816}\n:::\n\n```{.r .cell-code}\nsave_png(\"07-baseline-constrained-improved.png\")\n```\n:::\n",
+    "supporting": [
+      "constraints_files"
+    ],
+    "filters": [
+      "rmarkdown/pagebreak.lua"
+    ],
+    "includes": {},
+    "engineDependencies": {},
+    "preserve": {},
+    "postProcess": true
+  }
+}

analysis/constraints.Rmd

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+---
+title: "Constraints vs Performance"
+author: "John Benninghoff"
+date: '2024-04-30'
+date-modified: '2024-04-30'
+categories: notes
+order: 107
+output:
+  html_notebook:
+    theme:
+      version: 5
+      preset: bootstrap
+    css: assets/extra.css
+    pandoc_args: --shift-heading-level-by=1
+    toc: yes
+    toc_float:
+      collapsed: no
+      smooth_scroll: no
+---
+
+Visualizations exploring the use of constraints vs performance improvements in risk management.
+
+# Questions/TODO
+
+- [ ] Questions/TODO list here
+
+```{r setup, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE}
+library(ggplot2)
+library(jbplot)
+library(fs)
+```
+
+# Normal Performance
+
+Replicate a version of Figure 9 from the
+[Safety-II White Paper](https://www.england.nhs.uk/signuptosafety/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2015/10/safety-1-safety-2-whte-papr.pdf),
+with help from <https://ggplot2tutor.com/tutorials/sampling_distributions>:
+
+```{r background}
+xmin <- -5
+xmax <- 5
+
+save_png <- function(filename) {
+  ggsave(filename = path("rendered", filename), width = 16 * 0.6, height = 9 * 0.6, bg = "white")
+}
+
+background <- ggplot(data.frame(x = c(xmin, xmax)), aes(x)) +
+  scale_x_continuous(breaks = -3:3, minor_breaks = NULL) +
+  labs(x = NULL, y = NULL) +
+  theme_quo(minor.y = FALSE)
+
+baseline <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = "line")
+bad <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = "area", fill = "red", xlim = c(xmin, -2))
+
+background + bad + baseline
+
+save_png("01-baseline-bad.png")
+```
+
+The plot above shows "bad" outcomes in red. Let's add in "good" outcomes (>1) in green:
+
+```{r good}
+good <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, geom = "area", fill = "green", xlim = c(1, xmax))
+
+background + bad + good + baseline
+
+save_png("02-baseline-bad-good.png")
+```
+
+# Constrained Performance
+
+One way of reducing "bad" outcomes is by constraining performance - reducing the standard
+deviation.
+
+```{r constrained}
+constrained <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = "line", color = "blue")
+taller <- scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.6))
+
+background +
+  stat_function(
+    fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = "area", fill = "red", xlim = c(xmin, -2)
+  ) +
+  stat_function(
+    fun = dnorm, args = list(sd = 0.7), geom = "area", fill = "green", xlim = c(1, xmax)
+  ) +
+  constrained +
+  taller
+
+save_png("03-constrained.png")
+```
+
+Plotting both on the same grid shows the reduction in both "bad" and "good" outcomes:
+
+```{r overlay}
+background +
+  bad +
+  good +
+  baseline +
+  constrained +
+  taller
+
+save_png("04-baseline-constrained.png")
+```
+
+# Improved Performance
+
+Another way of reducing bad outcomes is by improving performance - shifting the mean.
+
+```{r performance}
+performance <- stat_function(fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = "line", color = "blue")
+improved <- stat_function(
+  fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = "area", fill = "green", xlim = c(1, xmax)
+)
+
+background +
+  stat_function(
+    fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = 1), geom = "area", fill = "red", xlim = c(xmin, -2)
+  ) +
+  improved +
+  performance
+
+save_png("05-improved.png")
+```
+
+Plotting both together shows a reduction in "bad" and an increase in "good" outcomes:
+
+```{r overlay_perf}
+background +
+  bad +
+  improved +
+  baseline +
+  performance
+
+save_png("06-baseline-improved.png")
+```
+
+Comparing all three:
+
+```{r overlay_all}
+background +
+  bad +
+  improved +
+  baseline +
+  constrained +
+  performance +
+  taller
+
+save_png("07-baseline-constrained-improved.png")
+```

docs/LICENSE.html

@@ -164,6 +164,12 @@
   <a href="./analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="./analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/NEWS.html

@@ -164,6 +164,12 @@
   <a href="./analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="./analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
@@ -229,7 +235,8 @@
     <h2 id="toc-title">On this page</h2>
 
   <ul>
-  <li><a href="#rtraining-1.2.2" id="toc-rtraining-1.2.2" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.2.2">rtraining 1.2.2</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#rtraining-1.2.3" id="toc-rtraining-1.2.3" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.2.3">rtraining 1.2.3</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#rtraining-1.2.2" id="toc-rtraining-1.2.2" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.2.2">rtraining 1.2.2</a></li>
   <li><a href="#rtraining-1.2.1" id="toc-rtraining-1.2.1" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.2.1">rtraining 1.2.1</a></li>
   <li><a href="#rtraining-1.2.0" id="toc-rtraining-1.2.0" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.2.0">rtraining 1.2.0</a></li>
   <li><a href="#rtraining-1.1.10" id="toc-rtraining-1.1.10" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#rtraining-1.1.10">rtraining 1.1.10</a></li>
@@ -317,6 +324,12 @@ <h2 id="toc-title">On this page</h2>
 
 
 
+<section id="rtraining-1.2.3" class="level1">
+<h1>rtraining 1.2.3</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>Added Constraints vs Performance: Visualizations exploring the use of constraints vs performance improvements in risk management.</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
 <section id="rtraining-1.2.2" class="level1">
 <h1>rtraining 1.2.2</h1>
 <ul>

docs/TODO.html

@@ -164,6 +164,12 @@
   <a href="./analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="./analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/analysis/FaultTree.html

@@ -208,6 +208,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/analysis/advanced-r-1.html

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 <script src="../site_libs/quarto-search/quarto-search.js"></script>
 <meta name="quarto:offset" content="../">
 <link href="../analysis/advanced-r-2.html" rel="next">
-<link href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" rel="prev">
+<link href="../analysis/constraints.html" rel="prev">
 <script src="../site_libs/quarto-html/quarto.js"></script>
 <script src="../site_libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
 <script src="../site_libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
@@ -202,6 +202,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
@@ -5628,8 +5634,8 @@ <h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="exercises-27">8.6.6 Exercises</h3>
 </script>
 <nav class="page-navigation">
   <div class="nav-page nav-page-previous">
-      <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="pagination-link" aria-label="Hockey Cards Analysis">
-        <i class="bi bi-arrow-left-short"></i> <span class="nav-page-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span>
+      <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="pagination-link" aria-label="Constraints vs Performance">
+        <i class="bi bi-arrow-left-short"></i> <span class="nav-page-text">Constraints vs Performance</span>
       </a>          
   </div>
   <div class="nav-page nav-page-next">

docs/analysis/advanced-r-2.html

@@ -231,6 +231,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/analysis/advanced-r-3.html

@@ -202,6 +202,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/analysis/advanced-r-4.html

@@ -231,6 +231,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 

docs/analysis/cond-prob.html

@@ -231,6 +231,12 @@
   <a href="../analysis/hockey-cards.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
  <span class="menu-text">Hockey Cards Analysis</span></a>
   </div>
+</li>
+        <li class="sidebar-item">
+  <div class="sidebar-item-container"> 
+  <a href="../analysis/constraints.html" class="sidebar-item-text sidebar-link">
+ <span class="menu-text">Constraints vs Performance</span></a>
+  </div>
 </li>
         <li class="sidebar-item">
   <div class="sidebar-item-container">