go: bump version to 1.24

[radeksimko]

Marking this as draft for now, pending this PR to goenv. Also this shall not be backported as v1.11 is now at a stage of reaching rc, i.e. point of stability.

The new version has some changes we could make use of in the codebase, for example https://go.dev/doc/go1.24#testing-synctest

TODO

• (re)run make syncdeps
• run go mod tidy
• skim over the Go changelog and prepare our Changelog reflecting any compatibility and other changes that impact our end users, e.g. OS support
• Address go vet 1.24 failures #36485

Target Release

1.12.x

CHANGELOG entry

• This change is user-facing and I added a changelog entry.
• This change is not user-facing.

[jbardin]

FYI I have a branch already which updates all the go tool usage for go1.24. I'll rebase that for a PR once you can merge this (https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform/compare/jbardin/go1.24-tools?expand=1)