Backport of ci: remove go-tests workflow from CircleCI into release/1.15.x

[hc-github-team-consul-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #16855 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.15.

WARNING automatic cherry-pick of commits failed. Commits will require human attention.

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The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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Description

This is blocked by the following remaining issues with go-tests on GHA:

• configuring this GHA version as the required github check

Testing & Reproduction steps

Links

PR Checklist

• updated test coverage
• external facing docs updated
• not a security concern

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Overview of commits

• 42060fa - a5f7bdb - 0e67742

[hashicorp-cla]

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• jmurret
• temp

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[github-team-consul-core-pr-approver]

Auto approved Consul Bot automated PR