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AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (ACCP) Exam Notes

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These are notes regarding ACCP exam which were gradually completed while studying the exam objectives.

Who should take this exam?

The AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C02) exam is intended for individuals
who can effectively demonstrate an overall knowledge of the AWS Cloud
independent of a specific job role.

You can find every updated information in this link which is the official and reputable information.

The following table lists the main content domains and their weightings.

Domain % of Exam
Domain 1: Cloud Concepts 24%
Domain 2: Security and Compliance 30%
Domain 3: Cloud Technology and Services 34%
Domain 4: Billing, Pricing and Support 12%
Total 100%

Also you can download the official exam guide.

Another profitable resource is the whitepaper Overview of Amazon Web Services.

Table of contents

Appendices

Amazon S3

  • CRR (Cross-region replication): enables automatic, asynchronous copying of objects across buckets in different AWS Regions.
  • You cannot reserve capacity.
  • Bucket names rules:
    • Names must be unique across all of AWS.
    • Names must be 3 to 63 characters in length.
    • Names can only contain lowercase letters, numbers and hyphens.
    • Names cannot be formatted as an IP address.
  • IAM policies can be written to grant access to Amazon S3 buckets.
  • Amazon S3 storage tier:
    • S3 Standard -> 99.99% SLA -> for data that is accessed less frequently, but requires rapid access when needed.
    • S3 Standard-IA -> 99.9% SLA -> offers the high durability, high throughput, and low latency of S3 Standard.
    • S3 One Zone-IA -> 99% SLA -> the most cost-effective Amazon S3 storage tier for data that is not often accessed but requires high durability and it stores data in a single AZ.
    • Glacier -> No SLA.
  • Multipart upload can be used to speed up uploads to S3.
  • S3 Copy -> up to 5GB in size in a single atomic operation.
  • S3 Intelligent-Tiering is an appropriate Amazon S3 storage class for "data with unknown/changing access pattern".
  • Data consistency models available are:
    • Read after write consistency for PUTS of new objects.
    • Eventual consistency for overwrite PUTS and DELETES (it takes time to propagate).
  • "MFA delete" adds a layer of additional security to prevent accidental deletion.
  • Amazon S3 objects consist of:
    • Key
    • Value
    • Version ID
    • Metadata
  • Object lifecycle management can be used with objects so that they are stored cost effectively throughout their lifecycle. Objects can be transitioned to another storage class or expired. It enables you to set rules to automatically transfer objects between different storage classes at defined time intervals.
  • Standard-IA and One Zone-IA both have a minimum storage duration charge of 30 days

Six advantages of Amazon Cloud (Benefits)

  • Trade capital expense for variable expense.
  • Benefit from massive economies of scale.
  • Stop guessing about capacity.
  • Increase speed and agility.
  • Stop spending money running and maintaining data centres.
  • Go global in minutes.

AWS Compute Optimizer

It helps avoid overprovisioning and underprovisioning, based on your utilization data, four types of AWS resources:

  • Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance types.
  • Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes.
  • Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) services on AWS Fargate.
  • AWS Lambda functions.

Amazon EBS volumes types

  • General purpose (gp2)(SSD)
    • it provides a good balance of price to performance, is suitable for most workloads and can be used as a system boot volume.
  • Provisioned IOPS (io1)(SSD)
    • it is a high-performance volume type that is more expensive and should be used for apps that require the higher performance.
  • Cold HDD (sc1)
    • it cannot be used as a boot volume and is good for throughput oriented storage for infrequently accessed data.
  • Throughput Optimized (st1)
    • it is ideal for streaming workloads with fast throughput such as big data and data warehouses.

Amazon Elastic Load Balancer (ELB)

  • It distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, in multiple Availability Zones.
  • It offers multiple types of load balancers that all feature the high availability, automatic scaling and robust security, necessary to make your applications fault-tolerant.
  • ELB Health Check gets first insights about potential issues.
  • A listener is a process that checks for connection requests, using the protocol and port that you configure.
  • Each listener has a default rule.
  • Each rule action has a type.
  • There are two types of rule condition:
    • Host
    • Path
  • The primary benefits of using AWS ELB:
    • High availability
    • Elasticity

Amazon Load Balancers

  • Application Load Balancers (ALB)

    • process traffic at the HTTP, HTTPS level (layer 7)
    • routes traffic to targets within Amazon VPC

  • Network Load Balancers (NLB)

    • process traffic at the TCP, UDP, TLS level (layer 4)
    • capable of handling millions of requests per second while maintaining ultra-low latencies

  • Gateway Load Balancers (GLB)

    • handle millions of requests per second, volatile traffic patterns, and introduces extremely low latency

  • Classic Load Balancers (CLB)

    • process traffic at the TCP, SSL, HTTP and HTTPS levels (layer 4 & 7).

  • Load balancing with session affinity can be used for horizontal scaling of stateful components.

AWS Network Access Control List (ACL)

  • Stateless
  • By default: all in - all out
  • It operates on VPC subnet level
  • Not used in S3

AWS Security Groups

  • Stateful firewalls
  • By default: none in - all out
  • Only allow rules, it is not possible to have deny rules
  • It allows access through specific port
  • It is possible to have inbound and outbound rules in a security group
  • It operates on EC2 instance level
  • Not used in S3

AWS Internet Gateway

  • Do not have allow or deny rules
  • It allows public traffic to access VPC resources
  • It operates on VPC level

AWS Scalability

AWS Scaling vertically:

  • increasing the instance size, CPU, RAM, DISK

AWS Scaling horizontally:

  • adding more EC2 instances, AWS Lambda
  • adding concurrently executing functions
  • adding read replicas to an Amazon RDS database

Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS)

  • Topics: how you label and group different endpoints that you send messages to

  • Subscriptions: the endpoints that a topic sends messages to

  • Publisher: the person/alarm/event that gives SNS the message that needs to be sent

  • It is a web service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and send notifications from the cloud.

  • SNS supports notifications over multiple transports including HTTP/HTTPS, Email/Email-JSON, SQS and SMS.

  • It is used for building and integrating loosely-coupled, distributed applications.

Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS)

  • It is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications.
  • Use case: Decoupling application components to ensure that there is no dependency on the availability of a single component.
  • It can be used to ensure the persistence of in-flight transactions independently of any single application component.
  • It is a message queue used for decoupling application components

Amazon Simple Email Service (SES)

  • It is a highly scalable and cost-effective service for sending and receiving emails.

AWS Inspector

  • Inspector is an automated security assessment service that helps improve the security and compliance of applications deployed on AWS.
  • It uses an agent installed in EC2 instances and assesses applications for vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices.
  • Organization can assess applications for vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices.

AWS Trusted Advisor

  • An online resource that helps to reduce cost, increase performance and improve security by optimizing your AWS environment.
  • Five categories of Trusted Advisor:
    • Cost optimization
    • Security
    • Performance
    • Service limits
    • Fault tolerance
  • It can be used to display current usage and limits.
  • It offers a Service Limits check (in the Performance category) that displays your usage and limits for some aspects of some services
  • It can be used to provide real time guidance on provisioning resources following AWS best practices.
  • It can be used to check service limits for resources launched within AWS Infrastructure.

AWS Personal Health Dashboard

  • It provides alerts and remediation guidance when AWS is experiencing events that may impact you.

AWS X-Ray

  • It is a service that helps developers analyze and debug distributed applications.
  • It understand how your application and its underlying services are performing to identify and troubleshoot the root cause of performance issues and errors.

AWS TCO Calculator

  • It can be used to compare the cost of running your applications in an on-premises or colocation environment to AWS.
  • "Compute Hardware" and "Data Center Security" should be included in a TCO analysis comparing on-premise to AWS Cloud.

Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)

  • EBS volumes types
  • The easiest way to store a backup of an EBS volume on Amazon S3: Create a snapshot of the volume.
  • Amazon EBS snapshots are stored on S3.
  • EBS volumes must be in the same AZ as the instances they are attached to.
  • You can use Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager (Amazon DLM) to automate the creation, retention, and deletion of snapshots taken to back up your Amazon EBS volumes.
  • The Fundamental charges for EBS volumes are:
    • the amount of data provisioned (not consumed) per month.
    • amount you provision in IOPS
  • The root EBS volumes are deleted on termination by default.
  • Extra non-root volumes are not deleted on termination by default.
  • Both non-root and root if launched from an encrypted AMI.

Amazon SageMaker

  • It enables developers and data scientists to quickly and easily build, train, and deploy machine learning models at any scale.

Amazon Kinesis

  • There are four types of Kinesis services:
    • Kinesis Video Streams
    • Kinesis Data Streams
    • Kinesis Data Firehose
    • Kinesis Data Analytics
  • It enables you to build custom applications that process or analyze streaming data for specialized needs.
  • Producers continually push data to Kinesis data Streams and Consumers process the data in real time.
  • Consumers can store their results using an AWS service such as:
    • Amazon DynamoDB
    • Amazon Redshift
    • Amazon S3

Cloud Computing

  • Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute power.
  • With cloud computing you get to benefit from massive economies of scale.
  • With cloud computing you can increase your speed and agility.

AWS CloudFormation

  • It provides a common language for you to describe and provision all the infrastructure resources in your cloud environment.
  • It's free of charge.
  • Change sets allow you to preview how proposed changes to a stack might impact your running resources.

AWS Elastic Beanstalk

  • The fastest and simplest way to get web applications up and running on AWS.
  • It is more of a PaaS service and is focused on web applications not infrastructure.

AWS Lambda

  • Lambda functions can be invoked in response to events.
    • Invoke a function in response to resource lifecycle events, such as with Amazon S3. (Lambda & S3)
    • Respond to incoming HTTP requests. (Lambda & API Gateway)
    • Consume events from a queue. (Lambda & SQS)
    • Run a function on a schedule. (Lambda & CloudWatch)

AWS Well-Architected Framework

  • Operation excellence
  • Security
  • Reliability
  • Performance efficiency
  • Cost optimization

AWS WAF

  • AWS Web Application Firewall creates custom rules that block common attack patterns, to protect against common exploits that could compromise application availability and security or consume excessive resources, such as:
    • SQL injection.
    • Cross-site scripting.
    • Rules that are designed for your specific application

AWS Shield

  • AWS Shield is a managed DDoS protection service, working with AWS WAF
    • AWS Shield Standard: no costs, defense from common and frequent DDoS attacks
    • AWS Shield Advanced: paid service, diagnostics and ability to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks

AWS AD Connector

  • A directory gateway for redirecting directory requests to your on-premise Active Directory.
  • Connects your existing on-premise AD to AWS.

AWS Simple AD

  • An inexpensive Active Directory-compatible service with common directory features.
  • It is a standalone.
  • It does not connect your on-premise AD to AWS

Amazon Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (EKS)

  • It's a managed Kubernetes service that makes it easy for you to run Kubernetes on AWS without needing to install, operate, and maintain your own Kubernetes control plane.

Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS)

  • It is used for running Docker containers on EC2 instances.

Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)

  • It is container registry offering high-performance hosting, so you can reliably deploy application images and artifacts anywhere.

Virtual Private Gateway

  • It's the VPN concentrator on the Amazon side of the VPN connection.
  • You create a virtual private gateway and attach it to the VPC from which you want to create the VPN connection.
  • NAT devices and firewalls are not required for an AWS managed VPN.
  • A customer gateway is a physical device or software application on your side of the VPN connection.

VPC peering connection

  • If you have more than one AWS account, you can peer the VPCs across those accounts to create a file sharing network.
  • You cannot peer subnets.
  • It is a way of allowing routing between VPCs in different AWS accounts.
  • It enables you to route traffic via private IP addresses between two peered VPCs.

AWS Site-to-Site VPN

  • It creates a secure connection between your data center or branch office and your AWS cloud resources.

AWS App Mesh

  • It provides application-level networking so your services can communicate across multiple types of compute infrastructure.

AWS support plans

  • Basic: Does not provide any technical support.
  • Developer: Provides business hours access via email.
  • Business: Provides < 1-hour response times for a production system failure.
  • Enterprise: Provides < 1-hour response times for a production system failure but is a more expensive.
  • All support plans provide "24/7":
    • access to customer service
    • documentation
    • whitepapers
    • support forums
  • Only the Enterprise plan provides a response time of < 15 minutes for the failure of a business-critical system.
  • Only Business and Enterprise plans provide support via email, chat and phone.
  • Enterprise plan comes with a Technical Account manager (TAM)
  • Developer plan provides email support by cloud support associates team whereas business and enterprise provide email support by the cloud support engineers team.
  • With the Developer plan you can open unlimited cases.

Amazon IAM

  • You cannot use IAM to create local user accounts on any system.
  • You are also not charged for what you use, IAM is free to use.
  • You can share access to your AWS account.
  • Identity federation.
  • PCI DSS compliance.
  • AWS recommended best practices:
    • Create individual IAM users
    • Least privilege principle: granting only the permissions that are needed to perform specific tasks
  • IAM supported authentication methods include:
    • Console passwords
    • Access keys
    • Server certificates
  • Best practice to ensure the security of AWS account
    • Don’t generate an access key for the root account user
    • Use Temporary Security Credentials (IAM Roles) Instead of Long-Term Access Keys
    • Manage IAM User Access Keys Properly
  • You can enable single sign-on (SSO) to your AWS accounts by using federation and AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM).
  • All you can do with an access key once it has been generated is to:
    • Make active
    • Make inactive
    • Delete
  • IAM Policy Simulator evaluates the policies that you choose and determines the effective permissions for each of the actions that you specify.

Amazon Cognito

  • Amazon Cognito Identity Pool provides temporary AWS credentials for users who are guests (unauthenticated) and for users who have been authenticated and received a token. An identity pool is a store of user identity data specific to your account.
  • Amazon Cognito User Pool is a user directory in Amazon Cognito. It doesn't enable access to unauthenticated identities. You have to use an Identity Pool instead.

AWS Organizations

  • One bill provided per AWS organization
  • Best practices:
    • Always enable multi-factor authentication (MFA) on the root account
    • Always use a strong and complex password on the root account
    • The Paying account should be used for billing purposes only. Do not deploy resources into the Paying account
  • With below options organizations can reduce their cost:
    • "Create an AWS Organization configuration linking the accounts"
    • "Setup consolidated billing between the accounts"
  • Volume pricing discounts applied across multiple accounts.

Popular HTTP code

  • A HTTP 200 codes: successful
  • A HTTP 300 codes: redirection
  • A HTTP 400 codes: client error
  • A HTTP 500 codes: server error

AWS CloudTrail

  • It is a web service that records activity made on your account and delivers log files to an Amazon S3 bucket.
  • Logging and saves a history of API calls for your AWS account.
  • It is for auditing.
  • It records account activity and service events from most AWS services and logs the following records:
    • The identity of the API caller.
    • The time of the API call.
    • The source IP address of the API caller.
    • The request parameters.
    • The response elements returned by the AWS service.

Amazon CloudWatch

  • It is a service that enables you to monitor and manage various metrics and configure alarm actions based on data from those metrics. If metrics are above or under a threshold, a CloudWatch Alert can be triggered
  • A repository for metrics and logs.
  • CloudWatch Dashboard is a single location that allows to access all resources metrics

Amazon DynamoDB

  • It's a fully managed NoSQL database service. (schema-less)
  • You can scale the DB at any time without incurring downtime.
  • DaynamoDB pricing models:
    • On-demand capacity mode: charges you for the data reads and writes your application
    • Provisioned capacity mode: you specify the number of reads and writes per second that you expect
  • Availability model:
    • Data is synchronously replicated across 3 facilities in a region
  • Best practices for storing large items and attributes in DynamoDB:
    • Compress large attribute values
    • Store large attributes as objects in Amazon S3.

AWS Database SQL type

  • Amazon RDS
  • Amazon Aurora
  • Amazon RedShift

AWS Device Farm

  • It is an app testing service that lets you test and interact with your Android, iOS, and web apps on many devices at once, or reproduce issues on a device in real time

AWS Config

  • It allows you to automate the evaluation of recorded configurations against desired configuration.
  • It enables you to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of your AWS resources.
  • It continuously monitors and records your AWS resource configurations and allows you to automate the evaluation of recorded configurations against desired configurations.
  • It can be used to keep track of configuration changes on AWS resources, keeping multiple date-stamped versions in a reviewable history.
  • It can be used to retrieve configuration changes made to AWS resources causing operational issues.

AWS Shared Responsibility Model

  • AWS is responsible for:

    • Software: Compute, storage, database, networking infrastructures.
    • Hardware: Regions, Availability Zones, Edge Locations.
    • Infrastructure patches and configuration (shared responsibility)

  • Customers are responsible for:

    • Networking traffic protection.
    • Network and firewall configuration.
    • Data
    • Platform, Applications, Identity and Access Management (IAM)
    • Operating systems
    • Client-side data encryption, server-side data encryption
    • OS / Applications / Database patches and configuration (shared responsibility)

  • Shared responsibilities:

    • Patch Management.
    • Configuration Management.

Amazon RDS

  • Read replicas are used for offloading read traffic from the primary RDS database.
    • You can configure read replicas to be:
      • within as AZ
      • across AZs
      • across regions
  • It provides "Multi-AZ" and "Read Replicas" to deliver scalability, availibility and durability.
  • You can restore a DB instance to a specific point in time with a granularity of 5 minutes
  • Multi-AZ: synchronously
  • Read Replicas: asynchronously
  • RDS supports the following engines:
    • SQL Server
    • Oracle
    • MySQL Server
    • PostgreSQL
    • Aurora
    • MariaDB
  • Read replicas are available for:
    • MySQL
    • PostgreSQL
    • MariaDB
    • Aurora
  • RDS automated backups allow point in time recovery to any point within the retention period down to a second.
  • RDS supports automated backups as a default configuration
  • With RDS you are charged for:
    • the type and size of DB
    • document type (e.g multi AZ)
    • data transfer outbound
    • requests
    • the uptime
    • any additional storage of backup

AWS Auto Scaling Group

  • Scaling Policy determine when, if, and how the ASG scales and shrinks:
    • on-demand (dynamic scaling).
    • cyclic (scheduled scaling).
  • Scaling Plan define the triggers and when instances should be provisioned / deprovisioned.

AWS Auto Scaling

  • The scaling policies include:
    • simple
    • scheduled
    • dynamic
    • step scaling
  • vertical scaling -> scaling-up
  • horizontal scaling -> scaling-out

AWS CloudHSM

  • Is a cloud-based hardware security module (HSM) that allows you to easily add secure key storage and high performance crypto operations to your AWS applications.
  • CloudHSM has no upfront costs and provides the ability to start and stop HSMs on-demand, allowing you to provision cpacity when and where it is needed quickly and cost-effectively.
  • CloudHSM is a managed service that automates time-consuming administrative tasks, such as hardware provisioning, software patching, high availability, and backups.
  • It uses a highly secure hardware storage device to store encryption keys

AWS Glacier

  • Data access option retrieves data:
    • Standard: takes 3-5 hours
    • Expedited: within 1-5 minutes
  • That is accessed though S3.
  • You pay for storage on a per GB/month basis, retrival requests and quantity (based on expedited, standard or bulk).
  • For interacting with AWS Glacier require that you use the AWS CLI or write code (using REST API).
  • Only Amazon Glacier has a minimum storage duration charge of 90 days.

AWS Storage Gateway Volume Gateway

  • The volume gateway represents the family of gateways that support block-based volumes, previously referred to as gateway-cached and gateway-stored modes. it allows you to use block-based volumes on-premise that are then asynchronously backed up to Amazon S3.
    • Stored Volumes mode: the entire dataset is stored on-site and is asynchronously backed up to S3 (EBS point-in-time snapshots). Snapshots are incremental and compressed
    • Cached Volume mode: the entire dataset is stored on S3 and a cache of the most frequently accessed data is cached on-site.

AWS Step Functions

  • It lets you coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows so you can build and update apps quickly.
  • It lets you build visual workflows.

Amazon Simple Workflow Service (SWF)

  • It helps developers build, run, and scale background jobs that have parallel or sequential steps.
  • SWF is not a visual workflow tool.
  • It can assist with coordinating tasks across distributed application components.

Amazon Security Token Service (STS)

  • It's used for requesting temporary credentials.

AWS Server Migration Service (SMS)

  • It's an agentless service which makes it easier and faster for you migrate on-premises workloads to AWS.
  • You can migrarte Virtual Machines from VMware vSphere and Windows Hyper-V to AWS with this sevice.

Amazon DevPay

  • That makes it easy for budinesses to sell applications that are built in, or run on top of, Amazon Web Services.

Amazon Elasticsearch Service

  • For operational analytics such as:
    • application monitoring
    • log analytics
    • clickstream analytics
  • It allows you to search, explore, filter, aggregate and visualize your data in near real-time.

Amazon Athena

  • For interactive analysis.
  • Analyze data directly in S3 and Glacier using standard SQL queries.

Amazon QuickSight

  • For dashboards and visualizations.

Amazon CodeStar

  • It enables you to quickly develop, build, and deploy applications on AWS. AWS CodeStar provides a unified user interface, enabling you to easily manage your software development activities in one place.

Amazon Cloud9

  • It's a cloud-based integrated development environment (IDE) that lets you write, run, and debug your code with just a browser.

Amazon CodeDeploy

  • It is a deployment service that automates application deployments to Amazon EC2 instances, on-premises instances, or serverless Lambda functions.

Amazon Route 53

  • It has a global scope.
  • Both CNAME records and Alias records can be used to map a domain name to a target domain name. However, only a CNAME record can be used to map to a target domain external to AWS.
  • You can transfer domains to Route 53 only if the Top Level Domain (TLD) is supported.
  • Amazon Route 53 health checks monitors the health and performance of your web applications, web servers, and other resources.
  • It offers the following functions:
    • Domain Name registry.
    • DNS resolution.
    • Health checking of resources.
  • Routing policies include:
    • Simple.
    • Weighted.
    • Latency-based.
    • Failover.
    • Geolocation.

Amazon CloudFront

  • It has a global scope.
  • It is a content delivery network (CDN) that allows you to store (cache) your content at "edge locations" located around the world.
  • This allows customers to access content more quickly and provides security against DDoS attacks.
  • It can be used for data, videos, applications, and APIs.
  • Routing policies:
    • Simple.
    • Weighted.
    • Latency-based.
    • Failover.
    • Geolocation.
    • Geoproximity.
    • Multi-value.
    • Traffic flow.
  • It supports below origins:
    • S3 Bucket.
    • EC2 instance.
    • Elastic Load Balancer.
    • Route 53.

Amazon Lightsail

  • It provides developers compute, storage, and networking capacity and capabilities to deploy and manage websites, web applications, and databases in the cloud. Also it provides preconfigured VPS that inclouds everything required to deploy or create a DB.
  • The product set includes:
    • VPS (Virtual Private Servers)
    • Managed MySQL databases
    • HA storage
    • Load balancing

Amazon EC2

  • Types:
    • General Purpose: instances provide a balance of compute, memory and networking resources, and can be used for diverse workloads; these are ideal for applications that use resources in equal proportions such as web servers and code repositories.
    • Compute Optimized: instances are ideal for compute bound applications that benefit from high performance processors; these are well suited for batch processing workloads, media transcoding, high performance web servers, high performance computing (HPC), scientific modeling, dedicated gaming servers and ad server engines, machine learning inference and other compute intensive applications.
    • Memory Optimized: instances are designed to deliver fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in memory.
    • Accelerated Computing: instances use hardware accelerators, or co-processors, to perform functions, such as floating point number calculations, graphics processing, or data pattern matching, more efficiently than is possible in software running on CPUs.
    • Storage Optimized: instances are designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to very large data sets on local storage; these are optimized to deliver tens of thousands of low-latency, random I/O operations per second (IOPS) to applications.
    • High Performance Computing: instances are built to offer the best price performance for running HPC workloads at scale on AWS; these are ideal for applications that benefit from high-performance processors such as large, complex simulations and deep learning workloads.
  • EC2 pricing model:
    • On-Demand: It is the most economical option that will ensure no interruptions.
    • Spot: They are good for short term requirements as they can be very economical. However, you may find that the instance is terminated if the spot market price moves.
    • Dedicated Instance: They are EC2 instances that run on hardware dedicated to a single customer.
    • Reserved: They are good for long-term, static requirements as you must lock-in for 1 or 3 years in return for a decent discount.
  • It offers SLAs of 95% for each region.
  • EC2 benefits over using non-cloud servers:
    • Elastic Web-Scale computing
    • Inexpensive
  • Types of Reserved Instance(RI):
    • Standard RIs: These provide the most significant discount (up to 75% off On-Demand) and are best suited for steady-state usage.
    • Convertible RIs: These provide a discount (up to 54% off On-Demand) and the capability to change the attributes of the RI as long as the exchange results in the creation of Reserved Instances of equal or greater value. Like Standard RIs, Convertible RIs are best suited for steady-state usage.
    • Scheduled RIs: These are available to launch within the time windows you reserve. This option allows you to match your capacity reservation to a predictable recurring schedule that only requires a fraction of a day, a week, or a month.
    • Payment options for reserverd instances include All Upfront, Partial Upfront, and NoUpfront.
  • With EC2 you are billed either by the second, for some Linux instances or by hour.
  • With "Inter-Region VPC Peering" a company can connect their EC2 instances in one region with EC2 instances in another region using private IP addresses.

AWS pricing policies

  • Pay-as-you-go
  • Save when you reserve
  • Pay less by using more

AWS Cost Explorer

  • It is a free tool that allows you to view charts of your costs. You can view cost data for the past 13 months and forecast how much you are likely to spend over the next 3 months. Cost Explorer can be used to discover patterns in how much you spend on AWS resources over time and to identify cost problem area.

AWS Cost Anomaly Detection

  • Reduce cost surprises and enhance control without slowing innovation.
  • Send alerts when anomalous spending is detected.

Amazon Elastic Transcoder

  • It converts video and audio files from their source format into versions that will playback on devices like smartphones, tablets and PC.

AWS Glue

  • Is a fully managed extract, transform, and load (ETL) service that makes it easy for customers to prepare and load their data for analytics.

AWS Artifact

  • It is a self-service audit artifact retrieval portal that provides our customers with on-demand access to AWS’ compliance documentation and AWS agreements.
  • You can use AWS Artifact Reports to download AWS security and compliance documents, such as AWS ISO certifications, Payment Card Industry (PCI), and System and Organization Control (SOC) reports.
  • It is online, self-service portal that AWS provides to enable customers to view reports and, such as PCI reports, and accept agreements.
  • It is your go-to, central resource for compliance-related information that matters to you.

AWS Service Catalog

  • It can be used to create and manage a selection of AWS services that are approved for use on AWS.
  • These IT services can include everything from virtual machine images, servers, software, and databases to complete multi-tier application architectures.

AWS Managed Services

  • It manages the daily operations of your AWS infrastructure in alignment with ITIL processes and provides a baseline integration with IT Service Management (ITSM) tools such as the ServiceNow platform.

Amazon Machine Image (AMI)

  • It contains three catagories:
    • Community AMIs
    • AWS Marketplace AMIs
    • My AMIs
  • It stores the information that defines an EC2 instance such as the template for the root volume, launch permissions and block device mappings.
  • A Golden AMI can create an exact copy of a resource in another region.

Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration

  • It enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and your Amazon S3 bucket.

Amazon Neptune

  • Amazon Neptune is a fast, reliable, fully-managed graph database service that makes it easy to build and run applications that work with highly connected datasets.

AWS Direct Connect

  • Benefits:
    • Reduce cost when using large volumes of traffic
    • Increase reliability (predictable performance)
    • Increase bandwidth (predictable bandwidth)
    • Decrease latency
  • It uses private network connections (It's NOT based on internet connection)
  • It is available in 1Gbps and 10Gbps speeds.
  • When connecting to AWS over Direct Connect:
    • You can connect to all AZs within the VPC of the local region.
    • You can connect to public services in remote regions.
  • You can use AWS Direct Connect Gateway for connecting a company from their on-premises network to VPCs in multiple regions using private connections

AWS Snow family

  • AWS Snowcone is a small, rugged, and secure edge computing and data transfer device. It features 2 CPUs, 4 GB of memory, and up to 14 TB of usable storage.
  • AWS Snowball is a petabyte-scale data transport solution that uses devices designed to be secure to transfer large amounts of data into and out of the AWS Cloud.
    • Snowball Edge Storage Optimized devices are well suited for large-scale data migrations and recurring transfer workflows.
    • Snowball Edge Compute Optimized provides powerful computing resources for use cases such as machine learning, full motion video analysis, analytics, and local computing stacks.
  • AWS Snowmobile is an exabyte-scale data transfer service used to move large amounts of data to AWS, up to 100 petabytes of data, a 45-foot long ruggedized shipping container, pulled by a semi trailer truck.

Amazon Comprehend

  • Amazon Comprehend is a natural language processing (NLP) service that uses machine learning to find insights and relationships in text.

Amazon Resource Names (ARNs)

  • It is used to uniquely identify AWS resources.

AWS IoT Core

  • It lets connected devices easily and securely interact with cloud applications and other devices.

AWS Fargate

  • Fargate removes the need to provision and manage servers.
  • Amazon ECS is a container orchestration service used to provision and manage container clusters.
  • It's Serverless offering (no EC2 instances)

Amazon Detective

  • It uses machine learning and graph theory capability collected log data to help you conduct faster and efficient security invedtigations.

Amazon Global Accelerator

  • You are asked to improve the performance of the application for local and global users. As part of this initiative, you must monitor the application endpoint health and route traffic to the most appropriate endpoint. For aiming this we should use amazon global accelerator.

AWS Data Sync

  • It is a simple and fast way to move huge amounts of data (hundreds of terabytes) between on-premise storage to S3, EFS, FSx.

AWS CodePipeline

  • AWS CodePipeline is a continuous delivery service you can use to model, visualize, and automate the steps required to release your software. You can quickly model and configure the different stages of a software release process. CodePipeline automates the steps required to release your software changes continuously.
  • To orchestrate and automate the various phases involved in the release of application updates in-line with a predefined release model.

Amazon GuardDuty

  • Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that continuously monitors your AWS accounts and workloads for malicious activity and delivers detailed security findings for visibility and remediation.
  • For implementing a threat detection service that continuously monitors malicious activities and unauthorized behaviors protect AWS account, workloads and data stored in Amazon S3 we use this service.

Amazon Macie

  • It can be used to detect users' personal credit card numbers from data stored in Amazon S3.

AWS OpsWorks

  • It is a service that allows you to host your own Puppet Enterprise infrastructure.

AWS Partner Network (APN)

  • It is a global community of partners that leverages programs, expertise, and resources to build, market, and sell customer offerings.
  • The Consulting Partners are focused on helping partners build successful AWS-based businesses to drive superb customer experiences.
  • The Technology Partners provide software solutions that are either hosted on or integrated with the AWS platform.

Five design principles for performance efficiency in the cloud

  1. Democratize advanced technologies
  2. Go global in minutes
  3. Use serverless architectures
  4. Experiment more often
  5. Mechanical sympathy

Five design principles for cost optimization in the cloud

  1. Adopt a consumption model
  2. Measure overall efficiency
  3. Stop spending money on data center operations
  4. Analyze and attribute expenditure
  5. Use managed services to reduce cost of ownership

Five design principles for reliability in the cloud

  1. Test recovery procedures
  2. Automatically recover from failure
  3. Scale horizontally to increase aggregate system availability
  4. Stop guessing capacity
  5. Manage change in automation

Six design principles for security in the cloud

  1. Implement a strong identity foundation
  2. Enable traceability
  3. Apply security at all layers
  4. Automate security best practices
  5. Protect data in transit and at rest
  6. Prepare for security events

Five categories of Trusted Advisor

  1. Cost optimization
  2. Security
  3. Performance
  4. Service limits
  5. Fault tolerance

Six pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework

  1. Operational Excellence
  2. Security
  3. Reliability
  4. Performance Efficiency
  5. Cost Optimization
  6. Sustainability

Six perspectives of the AWS Cloud Adoption Framework

  1. Business
  2. People
  3. Governance
  4. Platform
  5. Security
  6. Operations

Four cloud transformation phases of the AWS Cloud Adoption Framework

  1. Align
  2. Envision
  3. Launch
  4. Scale

Six Rs strategies for migration

  1. Rehosting
  2. Replatforming
  3. Retiring
  4. Retaining
  5. Repurchasing
  6. Refactoring

Geographical Services

  • Global level
    • AWS Route 53
    • AWS CloudFront
    • AWS Direct Connect Gateway
    • AWS Global Accelerator
    • S3 (but data Regional)
    • IAM
    • WAF
    • AWS SNS
    • AWS Security Token Service
  • Regional level
    • VPC
    • Security Groups
    • Resource Identifiers
    • EFS
    • ECS
    • ECR
    • Amazon GuardDuty
    • Amazon Detective
    • Amazon Inspector
    • Amazon Macie
    • AWS Security Hub
    • AWS Migration Hub
    • AWS Config
  • Availability Zone level
    • Subnet
    • Elastic Load Balancer
    • EC2 Instances
    • EBS Volumes
    • Cluster Placement Groups

Notes

  • Loose Coupling: a desirable attribute of an IT system is that it can be broken into smaller, loosly coupled components.
  • Amazon VPC is a free of charge service.
  • Network ACLs operate at the subnet level NOT AZ level. It provides a firewall / security layer at the subnet level.
  • Network ACLs are stateless so you must create rules in both directions to allow traffic through.
  • Bootstrapping and Infrastructure as code are two echniques for using automated, repeatable processes that are fast and avoid human error.
  • Golden Image Instances: a golden image is a snapshot of a particular state for that resource (e.g. EC2 instances, RDS instances, EBS volumes).
  • "Direct Connect" and "VPN CloudHub" are two ways of connecting to an Amazon VPC from an on-premise data center.
  • If you have multiple VPN connections, you can provide secure communication between sites using the AWS VPN CloudHub.
  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is used for secure AWS environment to process, maintain and store protected health information.
  • "File Gateway" and "Gateway Virtual Tape Library" are types of AWS storage gateway.
  • "Virtual Gateway" on the VPC side and a Customer Gateway on the on-premise network side need to connect VPC with a VPN connection (those are parts of Amazon Managed VPN connection).
  • AWS Managed VPN uses internet connection.
  • Resource groups make it easy to group resources using the tags that are assigned to them. You can group resources that share one or more tags.
  • "PCI DSS" is an information security standard applies to entities that store, process or transmit credit cardholder data.
  • With the public cloud the consumer organization typically incurs OPEX costs for usage.
  • You cannot detach a primary network interface (eth0) from an instance. You can create and attach additional network interfaces.[elastic network interface(ENI)].
  • NAT Instances are managed by you and they must be scaled manually and do not privide HA. They can be used as bastion hosts and can be assigned to security groups.
  • NAT Gateway is managed for you by AWS. They can scale automatically and they are not associated with any security groups. They are highly available in each AZ.
  • You can use DynamoDB and SWF for create "stateless" applications.
  • These are valid use cases for using AWS services to implement real-time auditing:
    • Use Amazon Inspector to monitor for compliance.
    • Use AWS Lambda to scan log files.
  • The options available in the VPC Wizard are:
    • VPC with a Single Public Subnet.
    • VPC with Public and Private Subnets.
    • VPC with Public and Private Subnets and Hardware VPN Access.
    • VPC with a Private Subnet Only and Hardware VPN Access.
  • Only the Memcached and Redis database engines can be used with ElastiCache.
  • AWS Migration Hub provides a single location to track the progress of application migrations across multiple AWS and partner solutions.
  • Amazon CloudWatch:
    • Basic monitoring: collects metrics every 5 minutes.
    • Detailed monitoring: collects metrics every 1 minute.
  • Your payment model in cloud is operational (OPEX).
  • "AWS Concierge" is available to support customers on an Enterprise support plan.
  • You use a key pair to decrypt the Administrator password through the console or using the CLI (For Amazon EC2 Windows instance).
  • An RTMP distribution (It is a type of Amazon CloudFront distribution) is used to distribute streaming media files using Adobe Flash Media Server’s RTMP protocol.
  • The public cloud is offered under a purely pay as you go model, and allows companies to completely avoid CAPEX costs.
  • SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
  • AWS Lambda and Amazon API Gateway are both app-facing components of the AWS Serverless infrastructure.
  • Amazon DynamoDB and EFS are database and storage services of the serverless infrastructure.
  • The EC2 container registry (ECR) is a managed AWS Docker registry service for storing, managing and deploying Docker images.
  • Amazon Aurora Multi-Master can scale out write performance for their Amazon Aurora database across multiple availability zones.
  • Placement groups are a logical grouping of instances in one of the following configurations:
    • A Cluster: It's a logical grouping on intances within a single AZ. Cluster placement groups are recommended for applications that benefit from low network latency, high network throughput, or both, and if the majority of the network traffic is between the instances in the group.
    • A spread: that are each placed on distinct underlying hardware. Spread placement groups are recommended for applications that have a small number of critical instances that should be kept separate from each other.
  • With "EC2, Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing" combination of AWS services could be used to deploy a stateless web application that can automatically and elastically scale.
  • With the AWS cloud you get fine-grained billing and can turn off resources you are not using easily and not have to pay for them.
  • To install a PCI-compliant workload on AWS:
    • Use an AWS service that is in scope for PCI compliance and apply PCI controls at the application layer.
  • In IAM user access and secrert keys:
    • The customer is responsible for rotating keys.
  • Which compute hosting model should be accounted for in the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) when undertaking a cost analysis that allows physical isolation of a customer workload? Dedicated Hosts.

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AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (ACCP) cheat sheet

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