zkVM-Architecture

A Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) architecture designed for Layer 2 scaling solutions, enabling privacy-preserving computation with zero-knowledge proofs

Architecture Diagram

graph TB
    subgraph "Layer 1 - Ethereum Mainnet"
        L1[Ethereum] --> Bridge[Bridge Contract]
        Bridge --> Verifier[ZK Verifier Contract]
    end

    subgraph "Layer 2 - zkVM"
        Bridge <--> Sequencer[Sequencer]
        Sequencer --> BatchSubmitter[Batch Submitter]
        
        subgraph "zkVM Runtime Environment"
            BatchSubmitter --> ExecutionManager[Execution Manager]
            ExecutionManager --> StateManager[State Manager]
            StateManager --> CircuitValidator[Circuit Validator]
            
            subgraph "Transaction Processing"
                ExecutionManager --> ZKTranspiler[ZK Transpiler]
                ZKTranspiler --> ArithmeticCircuit[Arithmetic Circuit]
                ArithmeticCircuit --> ProofGenerator[Proof Generator]
            end
        end
        
        ProofGenerator --> ZKProof[ZK Proof System]
        ZKProof --> Bridge
    end

    User[User] --> Sequencer

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Core Components

• zkVM Runtime Environment

  interface IZKVMRuntime {
    struct ExecutionContext {
        uint256 blockNumber;
        uint256 timestamp;
        bytes32 stateRoot;
        bytes32 zkProof;
    }
    
    function executeTransaction(
        bytes calldata txData,
        ExecutionContext calldata context
    ) external returns (bytes32 newStateRoot, bytes32 proof);
  }

• Circuit Components

    // Arithmetic Circuit Definition
    struct ArithmeticCircuit {
        // R1CS constraints
        constraints: Vec<Constraint>,
        // Witness variables
        witness: Vec<Fr>,
        // Public inputs
        public_inputs: Vec<Fr>,
    }
    
    // Proof Generator
    struct ProofGenerator {
        // Setup parameters
        proving_key: ProvingKey,
        // Verification key
        verification_key: VerificationKey,
    }

• State Management

    interface IStateManager {
        // Commit state update with ZK proof
        function commitStateUpdate(
            bytes32 oldStateRoot,
            bytes32 newStateRoot,
            bytes calldata zkProof
        ) external returns (bool);
    }

Communication Flow

Transaction Processing

sequenceDiagram
    participant User
    participant Sequencer
    participant zkVM
    participant ProofGen
    participant L1

    User->>Sequencer: Submit Tx
    Sequencer->>zkVM: Process Tx
    zkVM->>ProofGen: Generate Proof
    ProofGen->>L1: Submit Proof

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Proof Verification

sequenceDiagram
    participant ProofGen
    participant Bridge
    participant Verifier
    participant L1State

    ProofGen->>Bridge: Submit ZK Proof
    Bridge->>Verifier: Verify Proof
    Verifier->>L1State: Update State

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Security Features

• Zero-Knowledge Proof System

  interface ZKProofSystem {
    // Generate proof
    function generateProof(
        Circuit circuit,
        Witness witness
    ): Promise<Proof>;
    
    // Verify proof
    function verifyProof(
        Proof proof,
        VerificationKey vk
    ): Promise<boolean>;
  }

• Circuit Validation

  impl CircuitValidator {
    // Validate circuit constraints
    fn validate_constraints(&self) -> Result<(), Error>;
    
    // Check witness satisfaction
    fn check_witness(&self, witness: &Witness) -> bool;
  }

Performance Optimizations

• Recursive Proofs

  interface RecursiveProver {
    // Aggregate multiple proofs
    function aggregateProofs(
        Proof[] proofs
    ): Promise<Proof>;
    
    // Verify recursive proof
    function verifyRecursiveProof(
        Proof aggregateProof
    ): Promise<boolean>;
  }

• Batch Processing

  contract BatchProcessor {
    // Process multiple transactions in single proof
    function processBatch(
        Transaction[] calldata txs,
        bytes32 oldStateRoot
    ) external returns (
        bytes32 newStateRoot,
        bytes32 zkProof
    );
  }

Implementation Details

• Circuit Construction

    // R1CS constraint system
    struct R1CSConstraints {
        a: Vec<Vec<(usize, Fr)>>,
        b: Vec<Vec<(usize, Fr)>>,
        c: Vec<Vec<(usize, Fr)>>,
    }
    
    // Witness generation
    struct WitnessGenerator {
        fn generate_witness(
            &self,
            public_inputs: &[Fr],
            private_inputs: &[Fr]
        ) -> Result<Witness, Error>;
    }

• Proof Generation

  impl ProofGenerator {
    // Generate SNARK proof
    fn generate_snark(
        &self,
        circuit: &Circuit,
        witness: &Witness
    ) -> Result<Proof, Error>;
    
    // Verify SNARK proof
    fn verify_snark(
        &self,
        proof: &Proof,
        public_inputs: &[Fr]
    ) -> bool;
  }