C - Binary Trees

Table of contents

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Description
Objectives
Requirements
Instructions
Tech stack
Files description
Installation and how to use
Thanks
Authors

Description

This project explores the implementation of binary trees in C.

It introduces the core concepts of tree structures, including creation, traversal, and manipulation of nodes.

The project also covers more advanced types such as Binary Search Trees (BST), AVL Trees, and Heaps, with a focus on efficiency and memory management.

Objectives

At the end of this project, I should be able to explain to anyone, without the help of Google:

• What is a binary tree?
• What is the difference between a binary tree and a Binary Search Tree?
• What is the possible gain in terms of time complexity compared to linked lists?
• What are the depth, the height, the size of a binary tree?
• What are the different traversal methods to go through a binary tree?
• What is a complete, a full, a perfect, a balanced binary tree?

Requirements

• My programs and functions will be compiled with gcc using the flags -Wall, -Werror, -Wextra, -pedantic and -std=gnu89.
• All my files should end with a new line.
• My code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-doc.pl.
• I am not allowed to use global variables.
• No more than 5 functions per file.
• The prototypes of all my functions should be included in my header file called binary_trees.h.
• All my header files should be include guarded.

Instructions

Mandatory

0. New node

Write a function that creates a binary tree node:

• Prototype: binary_tree_t *binary_tree_node(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);.
• Where parent is a pointer to the parent node of the node to create.
• And value is the value to put in the new node.
• When created, a node does not have any child.
• Your function must return a pointer to the new node, or NULL on failure.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 0-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);

    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 6);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 16);

    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 256);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 0-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 0-node
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./0-node
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(402)--.
(006)     (016)     (256)     (512)
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 0-binary_tree_node.c.

---

1. Insert left

Write a function that inserts a node as the left-child of another node:

• Prototype: binary_tree_t *binary_tree_insert_left(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);.
• Where parent is a pointer to the node to insert the left-child in
• And value is the value to store in the new node.
• Your function must return a pointer to the created node, or NULL on failure or if parent is NULL.
• If parent already has a left-child, the new node must take its place, and the old left-child must be set as the left-child of the new node.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 1-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    printf("\n");
    binary_tree_insert_left(root->right, 128);
    binary_tree_insert_left(root, 54);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 1-main.c 1-binary_tree_insert_left.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 1-left
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./1-left
  .--(098)--.
(012)     (402)

       .--(098)-------.
  .--(054)       .--(402)
(012)          (128)                                            
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 1-binary_tree_insert_left.c.

---

2. Insert right

Write a function that inserts a node as the right-child of another node:

• Prototype: binary_tree_t *binary_tree_insert_right(binary_tree_t *parent, int value);.
• Where parent is a pointer to the node to insert the right-child in.
• And value is the value to store in the new node.
• Your function must return a pointer to the created node, or NULL on failure or if parent is NULL.
• If parent already has a right-child, the new node must take its place, and the old right-child must be set as the right-child of the new node.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 1-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    printf("\n");
    binary_tree_insert_left(root->right, 128);
    binary_tree_insert_left(root, 54);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 1-main.c 1-binary_tree_insert_left.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 1-left
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./1-left
  .--(098)--.
(012)     (402)

       .--(098)-------.
  .--(054)       .--(402)
(012)          (128)                                            
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c.

---

3. Delete

Write a function that deletes an entire binary tree:

• Prototype: void binary_tree_delete(binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to delete.
• If tree is NULL, do nothing.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 3-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    binary_tree_delete(root);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 3-main.c 3-binary_tree_delete.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 3-del
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ valgrind ./3-del
==13264== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==13264== Copyright (C) 2002-2013, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==13264== Using Valgrind-3.10.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==13264== Command: ./3-del
==13264== 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
==13264== 
==13264== HEAP SUMMARY:
==13264==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==13264==   total heap usage: 9 allocs, 9 frees, 949 bytes allocated
==13264== 
==13264== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==13264== 
==13264== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==13264== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 3-binary_tree_delete.c.

---

4. Is leaf

Write a function that checks if a node is a leaf:

• Prototype: int binary_tree_is_leaf(const binary_tree_t *node);.
• Where node is a pointer to the node to check
• Your function must return 1 if node is a leaf, otherwise 0.
• If node is NULL, return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 4-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    int ret;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    ret = binary_tree_is_leaf(root);
    printf("Is %d a leaf: %d\n", root->n, ret);
    ret = binary_tree_is_leaf(root->right);
    printf("Is %d a leaf: %d\n", root->right->n, ret);
    ret = binary_tree_is_leaf(root->right->right);
    printf("Is %d a leaf: %d\n", root->right->right->n, ret);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 4-binary_tree_is_leaf.c 4-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 4-leaf
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./4-leaf 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Is 98 a leaf: 0
Is 128 a leaf: 0
Is 402 a leaf: 1
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 4-binary_tree_is_leaf.c.

---

5. Is root

Write a function that checks if a given node is a root:

• Prototype: int binary_tree_is_root(const binary_tree_t *node);.
• Where node is a pointer to the node to check.
• Your function must return 1 if node is a root, otherwise 0.
• If node is NULL, return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 5-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    int ret;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    ret = binary_tree_is_root(root);
    printf("Is %d a root: %d\n", root->n, ret);
    ret = binary_tree_is_root(root->right);
    printf("Is %d a root: %d\n", root->right->n, ret);
    ret = binary_tree_is_root(root->right->right);
    printf("Is %d a root: %d\n", root->right->right->n, ret);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 5-binary_tree_is_root.c 5-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 5-root
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./5-root 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Is 98 a root: 1
Is 128 a root: 0
Is 402 a root: 0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 5-binary_tree_is_root.c.

---

6. Pre-order traversal

Write a function that goes through a binary tree using pre-order traversal:

• Prototype: void binary_tree_preorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to traverse.
• And func is a pointer to a function to call for each node. The value in the node must be passed as a parameter to this function.
• If tree or func is NULL, do nothing.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 6-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * print_num - Prints a number
 *
 * @n: Number to be printed
 */
void print_num(int n)
{
    printf("%d\n", n);
}

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 6);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 56);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 256);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    binary_tree_preorder(root, &print_num);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 6-main.c 6-binary_tree_preorder.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 6-pre
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./6-pre
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(402)--.
(006)     (056)     (256)     (512)
98
12
6
56
402
256
512
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 6-binary_tree_preorder.c.

---

7. In-order traversal

Write a function that goes through a binary tree using in-order traversal:

• Prototype: void binary_tree_inorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to traverse.
• And func is a pointer to a function to call for each node. The value in the node must be passed as a parameter to this function.
• If tree or func is NULL, do nothing.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 7-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * print_num - Prints a number
 *
 * @n: Number to be printed
 */
void print_num(int n)
{
    printf("%d\n", n);
}

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 6);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 56);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 256);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    binary_tree_inorder(root, &print_num);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 7-main.c 7-binary_tree_inorder.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 7-in
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./7-in
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(402)--.
(006)     (056)     (256)     (512)
6
12
56
98
256
402
512
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$
Repo:

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 7-binary_tree_inorder.c.

---

8. Post-order traversal

Write a function that goes through a binary tree using post-order traversal:

• Prototype: void binary_tree_postorder(const binary_tree_t *tree, void (*func)(int));.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to traverse.
• And func is a pointer to a function to call for each node. The value in the node must be passed as a parameter to this function.
• If tree or func is NULL, do nothing.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 8-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * print_num - Prints a number
 *
 * @n: Number to be printed
 */
void print_num(int n)
{
    printf("%d\n", n);
}

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 6);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 56);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 256);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    binary_tree_postorder(root, &print_num);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 8-main.c 8-binary_tree_postorder.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 8-post
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./8-post
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(402)--.
(006)     (056)     (256)     (512)
6
56
12
256
512
402
98
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 8-binary_tree_postorder.c.

---

9. Height

Write a function that measures the height of a binary tree:

• Prototype: size_t binary_tree_height(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to measure the height.
• If tree is NULL, your function must return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 9-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    size_t height;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    height = binary_tree_height(root);
    printf("Height from %d: %lu\n", root->n, height);
    height = binary_tree_height(root->right);
    printf("Height from %d: %lu\n", root->right->n, height);
    height = binary_tree_height(root->left->right);
    printf("Height from %d: %lu\n", root->left->right->n, height);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 9-binary_tree_height.c 9-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 9-height
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./9-height 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Height from 98: 2
Height from 128: 1
Height from 54: 0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 9-binary_tree_height.c.

---

10. Depth

Write a function that measures the depth of a node in a binary tree:

• Prototype: size_t binary_tree_depth(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the node to measure the depth.
• If tree is NULL, your function must return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 10-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    size_t depth;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    depth = binary_tree_depth(root);
    printf("Depth of %d: %lu\n", root->n, depth);
    depth = binary_tree_depth(root->right);
    printf("Depth of %d: %lu\n", root->right->n, depth);
    depth = binary_tree_depth(root->left->right);
    printf("Depth of %d: %lu\n", root->left->right->n, depth);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 10-binary_tree_depth.c 10-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 10-depth
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./10-depth 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Depth of 98: 0
Depth of 128: 1
Depth of 54: 2
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 10-binary_tree_depth.c.

---

11. Size

Write a function that measures the size of a binary tree:

• Prototype: size_t binary_tree_size(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to measure the size.
• If tree is NULL, the function must return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 11-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    size_t size;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    size = binary_tree_size(root);
    printf("Size of %d: %lu\n", root->n, size);
    size = binary_tree_size(root->right);
    printf("Size of %d: %lu\n", root->right->n, size);
    size = binary_tree_size(root->left->right);
    printf("Size of %d: %lu\n", root->left->right->n, size);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 11-binary_tree_size.c 11-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 11-size
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./11-size 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Size of 98: 5
Size of 128: 2
Size of 54: 1
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 11-binary_tree_size.c.

---

12. Leaves

Write a function that counts the leaves in a binary tree:

• Prototype: size_t binary_tree_leaves(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to count the number of leaves.
• If tree is NULL, the function must return 0.
• A NULL pointer is not a leaf.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 12-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    size_t leaves;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    leaves = binary_tree_leaves(root);
    printf("Leaves in %d: %lu\n", root->n, leaves);
    leaves = binary_tree_leaves(root->right);
    printf("Leaves in %d: %lu\n", root->right->n, leaves);
    leaves = binary_tree_leaves(root->left->right);
    printf("Leaves in %d: %lu\n", root->left->right->n, leaves);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 12-binary_tree_leaves.c 12-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 12-leaves
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./12-leaves 
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Leaves in 98: 2
Leaves in 128: 1
Leaves in 54: 1
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 12-binary_tree_leaves.c.

---

13. Nodes

Write a function that counts the nodes with at least 1 child in a binary tree:

• Prototype: size_t binary_tree_nodes(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to count the number of nodes.
• If tree is NULL, the function must return 0.
• A NULL pointer is not a node.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 13-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    size_t nodes;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    nodes = binary_tree_nodes(root);
    printf("Nodes in %d: %lu\n", root->n, nodes);
    nodes = binary_tree_nodes(root->right);
    printf("Nodes in %d: %lu\n", root->right->n, nodes);
    nodes = binary_tree_nodes(root->left->right);
    printf("Nodes in %d: %lu\n", root->left->right->n, nodes);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 13-binary_tree_nodes.c 13-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 13-nodes
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./13-nodes
  .-------(098)--.
(012)--.       (128)--.
     (054)          (402)
Nodes in 98: 3
Nodes in 128: 1
Nodes in 54: 0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 13-binary_tree_nodes.c.

---

14. Balance factor

Write a function that measures the balance factor of a binary tree:

• Prototype: int binary_tree_balance(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to measure the balance factor.
• If tree is NULL, return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 14-main.c 
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    int balance;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    binary_tree_insert_left(root, 45);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 50);
    binary_tree_insert_left(root->left->left, 10);
    binary_tree_insert_left(root->left->left->left, 8);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    balance = binary_tree_balance(root);
    printf("Balance of %d: %+d\n", root->n, balance);
    balance = binary_tree_balance(root->right);
    printf("Balance of %d: %+d\n", root->right->n, balance);
    balance = binary_tree_balance(root->left->left->right);
    printf("Balance of %d: %+d\n", root->left->left->right->n, balance);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 14-binary_tree_balance.c 14-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c 1-binary_tree_insert_left.c -o 14-balance
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./14-balance
                      .-------(098)--.
            .-------(045)--.       (128)--.
       .--(012)--.       (050)          (402)
  .--(010)     (054)
(008)
Balance of 98: +2
Balance of 128: -1
Balance of 54: +0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 14-binary_tree_balance.c.

---

15. Is full

Write a function that checks if a binary tree is full:

• Prototype: int binary_tree_is_full(const binary_tree_t *tree);.
• Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to check.
• If tree is NULL, your function must return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 15-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    int full;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 10);
    binary_tree_print(root);

    full = binary_tree_is_full(root);
    printf("Is %d full: %d\n", root->n, full);
    full = binary_tree_is_full(root->left);
    printf("Is %d full: %d\n", root->left->n, full);
    full = binary_tree_is_full(root->right);
    printf("Is %d full: %d\n", root->right->n, full);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 15-binary_tree_is_full.c 15-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 15-full
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./15-full
       .-------(098)--.
  .--(012)--.       (128)--.
(010)     (054)          (402)
Is 98 full: 0
Is 12 full: 1
Is 128 full: 0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 15-binary_tree_is_full.c.

---

16. Is perfect

Write a function that checks if a binary tree is perfect

Prototype: int binary_tree_is_perfect(const binary_tree_t *tree);. Where tree is a pointer to the root node of the tree to check. If tree is NULL, your function must return 0.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 16-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    int perfect;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 402);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root->left, 54);
    binary_tree_insert_right(root, 128);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 10);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 10);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    perfect = binary_tree_is_perfect(root);
    printf("Perfect: %d\n\n", perfect);

    root->right->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 10);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    perfect = binary_tree_is_perfect(root);
    printf("Perfect: %d\n\n", perfect);

    root->right->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 10);
    binary_tree_print(root);
    perfect = binary_tree_is_perfect(root);
    printf("Perfect: %d\n", perfect);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 16-binary_tree_is_perfect.c 16-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c 2-binary_tree_insert_right.c -o 16-perfect
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./16-perfect 
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(128)--.
(010)     (054)     (010)     (402)
Perfect: 1

       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(128)-------.
(010)     (054)     (010)       .--(402)
                              (010)
Perfect: 0

       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(128)-------.
(010)     (054)     (010)       .--(402)--.
                              (010)     (010)
Perfect: 0
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 16-binary_tree_is_perfect.c.

---

17. Sibling

Write a function that finds the sibling of a node:

• Prototype: binary_tree_t *binary_tree_sibling(binary_tree_t *node);.
• Where node is a pointer to the node to find the sibling.
• Your function must return a pointer to the sibling node.
• If node is NULL or the parent is NULL, return NULL.
• If node has no sibling, return NULL.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 17-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    binary_tree_t *sibling;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 128);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 54);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 402);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 10);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 110);
    root->right->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 200);
    root->right->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    sibling = binary_tree_sibling(root->left);
    printf("Sibling of %d: %d\n", root->left->n, sibling->n);
    sibling = binary_tree_sibling(root->right->left);
    printf("Sibling of %d: %d\n", root->right->left->n, sibling->n);
    sibling = binary_tree_sibling(root->left->right);
    printf("Sibling of %d: %d\n", root->left->right->n, sibling->n);
    sibling = binary_tree_sibling(root);
    printf("Sibling of %d: %p\n", root->n, (void *)sibling);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 17-main.c 17-binary_tree_sibling.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 17-sibling
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./17-sibling
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(128)-------.
(010)     (054)     (110)       .--(402)--.
                              (200)     (512)
Sibling of 12: 128
Sibling of 110: 402
Sibling of 54: 10
Sibling of 98: (nil)
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 17-binary_tree_sibling.c.

---

18. Uncle

Write a function that finds the uncle of a node:

• Prototype: binary_tree_t *binary_tree_uncle(binary_tree_t *node);.
• Where node is a pointer to the node to find the uncle.
• Your function must return a pointer to the uncle node.
• If node is NULL, return NULL.
• If node has no uncle, return NULL.

alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ cat 18-main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "binary_trees.h"

/**
 * main - Entry point
 *
 * Return: Always 0 (Success)
 */
int main(void)
{
    binary_tree_t *root;
    binary_tree_t *uncle;

    root = binary_tree_node(NULL, 98);
    root->left = binary_tree_node(root, 12);
    root->right = binary_tree_node(root, 128);
    root->left->right = binary_tree_node(root->left, 54);
    root->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right, 402);
    root->left->left = binary_tree_node(root->left, 10);
    root->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right, 110);
    root->right->right->left = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 200);
    root->right->right->right = binary_tree_node(root->right->right, 512);

    binary_tree_print(root);
    uncle = binary_tree_uncle(root->right->left);
    printf("Uncle of %d: %d\n", root->right->left->n, uncle->n);
    uncle = binary_tree_uncle(root->left->right);
    printf("Uncle of %d: %d\n", root->left->right->n, uncle->n);
    uncle = binary_tree_uncle(root->left);
    printf("Uncle of %d: %p\n", root->left->n, (void *)uncle);
    return (0);
}
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 18-main.c 18-binary_tree_uncle.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 18-uncle
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$ ./18-uncle
       .-------(098)-------.
  .--(012)--.         .--(128)-------.
(010)     (054)     (110)       .--(402)--.
                              (200)     (512)
Uncle of 110: 12
Uncle of 54: 128
Uncle of 12: (nil)
alex@/tmp/binary_trees$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: holbertonschool-binary_trees.
• File: 18-binary_tree_uncle.c.

---

Tech stack

Files description

FILES	DESCRIPTION
binary_trees.h	Project header: structs, typedefs, prototypes, include guards.
binary_tree_print.c	Helper to pretty-print trees (visualization only, not graded).
0-binary_tree_node.c	Create a new node (no children at creation).
1-binary_tree_insert_left.c	Insert a node as left child (relinks former left child if any).
2-binary_tree_insert_right.c	Insert a node as right child (relinks former right child if any).
3-binary_tree_delete.c	Delete an entire tree (post-order free).
4-binary_tree_is_leaf.c	Return 1 if node is a leaf, else 0.
5-binary_tree_is_root.c	Return 1 if node is a root, else 0.
6-binary_tree_preorder.c	Pre-order traversal: node → left → right, calls func(n).
7-binary_tree_inorder.c	In-order traversal: left → node → right, calls func(n).
8-binary_tree_postorder.c	Post-order traversal: left → right → node, calls func(n).
9-binary_tree_height.c	Compute height of a tree.
10-binary_tree_depth.c	Compute depth of a given node.
11-binary_tree_size.c	Return total number of nodes (tree size).
12-binary_tree_leaves.c	Count leaf nodes.
13-binary_tree_nodes.c	Count nodes with at least one child.
14-binary_tree_balance.c	Balance factor = height(left) − height(right).
15-binary_tree_is_full.c	Check if the tree is full (each node has 0 or 2 children).
16-binary_tree_is_perfect.c	Check if the tree is perfect (full + all leaves at same level).
17-binary_tree_sibling.c	Get the sibling of a node (or NULL).
18-binary_tree_uncle.c	Get the uncle of a node (or NULL).
README.md	The README file you are currently reading 😉.

Installation and how to use

Installation:

1. Clone this repository:
   • Open your preferred Terminal.
   • Navigate to the directory where you want to clone the repository.
   • Run the following command:

git clone https://github.com/fchavonet/holbertonschool-binary_trees.git

2. Open the repository you've just cloned.

3. Compile the source code:

gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 binary_tree_print.c 0-main.c 0-binary_tree_node.c -o 0-node

Replace the file names in the compilation command with those of the respective tasks. For more details, refer to the Instructions section of this README.

How to use:

1. Run any task with its corresponding main.c (local):

./0-node

Thanks

• A big thank you to all my Holberton School peers for their help and support throughout this project.

Authors

Fabien CHAVONET

• GitHub: @fchavonet