✨ Switch to mqt-core Python package

[burgholzer]

Description

This is an alternative to #355 and hopefully marks the final try of directly incorporating the mqt-core Python package. See #355 and #352 for some history on this topic.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 95.50562% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 95.1%. Comparing base (69c6156) to head (fcb3755).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/mqt/qcec/__init__.py	88.8%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	96.8%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #432     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   95.3%   95.1%   -0.2%     
=======================================
  Files         40      40             
  Lines       1837    1847     +10     
  Branches     224     224             
=======================================
+ Hits        1751    1758      +7     
- Misses        86      89      +3     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	95.6% <ø> (-0.1%)	⬇️
python	93.4% <95.5%> (-0.4%)	⬇️

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/mqt/qcec/verify.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/verify_compilation_flow.py	100.0% <ø> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/__init__.py	91.3% <88.8%> (-8.7%)	⬇️
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	94.5% <96.8%> (-0.4%)	⬇️

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes