feat($route): express style route matching

Added new route matching capabilities:
  - optional param
Changed route matching syntax:
 - named wildcard

BREAKING CHANGE: the syntax for named wildcard parameters in routes
    has changed from *wildcard to :wildcard*

    To migrate the code, follow the example below.  Here, *highlight becomes
    :highlight*:

    Before:

    $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/*highlight/edit',
              {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});

    After:

    $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/:highlight*/edit',
            {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});

src/ngRoute/route.js

@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ function $RouteProvider(){
    *
    *      * `path` can contain named groups starting with a colon (`:name`). All characters up
    *        to the next slash are matched and stored in `$routeParams` under the given `name`
-   *        after the route is resolved.
-   *      * `path` can contain named groups starting with a star (`*name`). All characters are
-   *        eagerly stored in `$routeParams` under the given `name` after the route is resolved.
+   *        when the route matches.
+   *      * `path` can contain named groups starting with a colon and ending with a star (`:name*`). 
+   *        All characters are eagerly stored in `$routeParams` under the given `name` 
+   *        when the route matches.
+   *      * `path` can contain optional named groups with a question mark (`:name?`).
    *
-   *    For example, routes like `/color/:color/largecode/*largecode/edit` will match
+   *    For example, routes like `/color/:color/largecode/:largecode*\/edit` will match
    *    `/color/brown/largecode/code/with/slashs/edit` and extract:
    *
    *      * `color: brown`
@@ -117,20 +119,66 @@ function $RouteProvider(){
    * Adds a new route definition to the `$route` service.
    */
   this.when = function(path, route) {
-    routes[path] = extend({reloadOnSearch: true, caseInsensitiveMatch: false}, route);
+    routes[path] = extend(
+      {reloadOnSearch: true},
+      route,
+      path && pathRegExp(path, route)
+    );
 
     // create redirection for trailing slashes
     if (path) {
       var redirectPath = (path[path.length-1] == '/')
           ? path.substr(0, path.length-1)
           : path +'/';
 
-      routes[redirectPath] = {redirectTo: path};
+      routes[redirectPath] = extend(
+        {redirectTo: path},
+        pathRegExp(redirectPath, route)
+      );
     }
 
     return this;
   };
 
+   /**
+    * @param path {string} path
+    * @param opts {Object} options
+    * @return {?Object}
+    *
+    * @description
+    * Normalizes the given path, returning a regular expression
+    * and the original path.
+    *
+    * Inspired by pathRexp in visionmedia/express/lib/utils.js.
+    */
+  function pathRegExp(path, opts) {
+    var insensitive = opts.caseInsensitiveMatch,
+        ret = {
+          originalPath: path,
+          regexp: path
+        },
+        keys = ret.keys = [];
+
+    path = path
+      .replace(/([().])/g, '\\$1')
+      .replace(/(\/)?:(\w+)([\?|\*])?/g, function(_, slash, key, option){
+        var optional = option === '?' ? option : null;
+        var star = option === '*' ? option : null;
+        keys.push({ name: key, optional: !!optional });
+        slash = slash || '';
+        return ''
+          + (optional ? '' : slash)
+          + '(?:'
+          + (optional ? slash : '')
+          + (star && '(.+)?' || '([^/]+)?') + ')'
+          + (optional || '');
+      })
+      .replace(/([\/$\*])/g, '\\$1');
+
+    ret.regexp = new RegExp('^' + path + '$', insensitive ? 'i' : '');
+    return ret;
+  }
+
   /**
    * @ngdoc method
    * @name ngRoute.$routeProvider#otherwise
@@ -362,50 +410,37 @@ function $RouteProvider(){
 
     /**
      * @param on {string} current url
-     * @param when {string} route when template to match the url against
-     * @param whenProperties {Object} properties to define when's matching behavior
+     * @param route {Object} route regexp to match the url against
      * @return {?Object}
+     *
+     * @description
+     * Check if the route matches the current url.
+     *
+     * Inspired by match in
+     * visionmedia/express/lib/router/router.js.
      */
-    function switchRouteMatcher(on, when, whenProperties) {
-      // TODO(i): this code is convoluted and inefficient, we should construct the route matching
-      //   regex only once and then reuse it
-
-      // Escape regexp special characters.
-      when = '^' + when.replace(/[-\/\\^$:*+?.()|[\]{}]/g, "\\$&") + '$';
-
-      var regex = '',
-          params = [],
-          dst = {};
-
-      var re = /\\([:*])(\w+)/g,
-          paramMatch,
-          lastMatchedIndex = 0;
-
-      while ((paramMatch = re.exec(when)) !== null) {
-        // Find each :param in `when` and replace it with a capturing group.
-        // Append all other sections of when unchanged.
-        regex += when.slice(lastMatchedIndex, paramMatch.index);
-        switch(paramMatch[1]) {
-          case ':':
-            regex += '([^\\/]*)';
-            break;
-          case '*':
-            regex += '(.*)';
-            break;
+    function switchRouteMatcher(on, route) {
+      var keys = route.keys,
+          params = {};
+
+      if (!route.regexp) return null;
+
+      var m = route.regexp.exec(on);
+      if (!m) return null;
+
+      var N = 0;
+      for (var i = 1, len = m.length; i < len; ++i) {
+        var key = keys[i - 1];
+
+        var val = 'string' == typeof m[i]
+          ? decodeURIComponent(m[i])
+          : m[i];
+
+        if (key && val) {
+          params[key.name] = val;
         }
-        params.push(paramMatch[2]);
-        lastMatchedIndex = re.lastIndex;
-      }
-      // Append trailing path part.
-      regex += when.substr(lastMatchedIndex);
-
-      var match = on.match(new RegExp(regex, whenProperties.caseInsensitiveMatch ? 'i' : ''));
-      if (match) {
-        forEach(params, function(name, index) {
-          dst[name] = match[index + 1];
-        });
       }
-      return match ? dst : null;
+      return params;
     }
 
     function updateRoute() {
@@ -489,7 +524,7 @@ function $RouteProvider(){
       // Match a route
       var params, match;
       forEach(routes, function(route, path) {
-        if (!match && (params = switchRouteMatcher($location.path(), path, route))) {
+        if (!match && (params = switchRouteMatcher($location.path(), route))) {
           match = inherit(route, {
             params: extend({}, $location.search(), params),
             pathParams: params});

test/ngRoute/routeParamsSpec.js

@@ -45,4 +45,37 @@ describe('$routeParams', function() {
       expect($routeParams).toEqual({barId: 'barvalue', fooId: 'foovalue'});
     });
   });
+
+  it('should correctly extract the params when an optional param name is part of the route',  function() {
+    module(function($routeProvider) {
+      $routeProvider.when('/bar/:foo?', {});
+      $routeProvider.when('/baz/:foo?/edit', {});
+      $routeProvider.when('/qux/:bar?/:baz?', {});
+    });
+
+    inject(function($rootScope, $route, $location, $routeParams) {
+      $location.path('/bar');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($routeParams).toEqual({});
+
+      $location.path('/bar/fooValue');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($routeParams).toEqual({foo: 'fooValue'});
+
+      $location.path('/baz/fooValue/edit');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($routeParams).toEqual({foo: 'fooValue'});
+
+      $location.path('/baz/edit');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($routeParams).toEqual({});
+
+      $location.path('/qux//bazValue');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($routeParams).toEqual({baz: 'bazValue', bar: undefined});
+
+    });
+  });
+
+
 });

test/ngRoute/routeSpec.js

@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ describe('$route', function() {
         nextRoute;
 
     module(function($routeProvider) {
-      $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/*highlight/edit',
+      $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/:highlight*/edit',
           {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
-      $routeProvider.when('/Book2/:book/*highlight/Chapter/:chapter',
+      $routeProvider.when('/Book2/:book/:highlight*/Chapter/:chapter',
           {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
       $routeProvider.when('/Blank', {});
     });
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ describe('$route', function() {
         nextRoute;
 
     module(function($routeProvider) {
-      $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/*highlight/edit',
+      $routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/:highlight*/edit',
           {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html', caseInsensitiveMatch: true});
-      $routeProvider.when('/Book2/:book/*highlight/Chapter/:chapter',
+      $routeProvider.when('/Book2/:book/:highlight*/Chapter/:chapter',
           {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
       $routeProvider.when('/Blank', {});
     });
@@ -245,6 +245,31 @@ describe('$route', function() {
   });
 
 
+  describe('should match a route that contains optional params in the path', function() {
+    beforeEach(module(function($routeProvider) {
+      $routeProvider.when('/test/:opt?/:baz/edit', {templateUrl: 'test.html'});
+    }));
+
+    it('matches a URL with optional params', inject(function($route, $location, $rootScope) {
+      $location.path('/test/optValue/bazValue/edit');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($route.current).toBeDefined();
+    }));
+
+    it('matches a URL without optional param', inject(function($route, $location, $rootScope) {
+      $location.path('/test//bazValue/edit');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($route.current).toBeDefined();
+    }));
+
+    it('not match a URL with a required param', inject(function($route, $location, $rootScope) {
+      $location.path('///edit');
+      $rootScope.$digest();
+      expect($route.current).not.toBeDefined();
+    }));
+  });
+
+
   it('should change route even when only search param changes', function() {
     module(function($routeProvider) {
       $routeProvider.when('/test', {templateUrl: 'test.html'});
@@ -723,6 +748,8 @@ describe('$route', function() {
       module(function($routeProvider) {
         $routeProvider.when('/foo/:id/foo/:subid/:extraId', {redirectTo: '/bar/:id/:subid/23'});
         $routeProvider.when('/bar/:id/:subid/:subsubid', {templateUrl: 'bar.html'});
+        $routeProvider.when('/baz/:id/:path*', {redirectTo: '/path/:path/:id'});
+        $routeProvider.when('/path/:path*/:id', {templateUrl: 'foo.html'});
       });
 
       inject(function($route, $location, $rootScope) {
@@ -732,6 +759,11 @@ describe('$route', function() {
         expect($location.path()).toEqual('/bar/id1/subid3/23');
         expect($location.search()).toEqual({extraId: 'gah'});
         expect($route.current.templateUrl).toEqual('bar.html');
+
+        $location.path('/baz/1/foovalue/barvalue');
+        $rootScope.$digest();
+        expect($location.path()).toEqual('/path/foovalue/barvalue/1');
+        expect($route.current.templateUrl).toEqual('foo.html');
       });
     });