[ADD CONTENT] : Image representation and its storing formats (SRA-VJT…

…I#88)

* Added content for image storing formats

includes : 
- cpp file containing the code to read from bitmap image and then store it to display, using sdl2 library
- images
- readme file explaining the theory

* Delete Image_storing_formats directory

* changed name convention according to the file structure

* fixed errors

* Solve display bug in image_representation

* Update Makefile to remove redundant "SDL2_image" linker flag
* Add proper implementation of SDL2 library to display correct
  size of image

* Solve the inverted image display bug

* This commit resolves the bug wherein image was displayed inverted.
* Two seperate struct "BitMapFileHeader" and "BitMapInfoHeader" is
  created to store the file type data and image information data.
* README.md has been modified to include more info about the different
  blocks in the bitmap image namely file data type, image information
  data , color pallete and raw raster data.

* Correct formating in the README.md

* Correct compiling commands in README.md

* modified readme format

Changes made :
- Removed the unnecessary linebreak wherever required.
- Seperated types of images from "some important terminologies" topic

* modified file structure

* updated readme

- Added proper path to asset images
- added correct command for run without make

* Delete assets/1_image_representation directory

---------

Co-authored-by: gautam-dev-maker <gautamnagrawal@gmail.com>

4_cv_basics/1_image_representation/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CC = g++
+CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -std=c++11
+LIBS = -lSDL2
+
+SRCS = image_representation.cpp
+OBJS = $(SRCS:.cpp=.o)
+TARGET = image
+all: $(TARGET)
+
+$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(OBJS) -o $(TARGET) $(LIBS)
+
+.cpp.o:
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) $(OBJS) $(TARGET)

4_cv_basics/1_image_representation/image_representation.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <SDL2/SDL.h>
+
+// Pragma directives are used to control allignment of the padding.
+// When reading the binary file, it is necessary to allign struct members in a meomory to avoid any misinterpretation.
+// That is why, push is used  to set the packing to 1 byte, so that the BMPHeader struct is packed with no padding
+// and the pop is used to restore the default packing setting after the BMPHeader struct is defined.
+// More about data padding and alignment can be found here: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/structure-member-alignment-padding-and-data-packing/
+#pragma pack(push, 1)
+
+// structure to store the file type data
+struct BitMapFileHeader
+{
+    char file_type[2];          // "BM" (0x42, 0x4D)
+    uint32_t file_size;         // Total size of the BMP file in bytes
+    uint16_t reserved1;         // Unused (0)
+    uint16_t reserved2;         // Unused (0)
+    uint32_t pixel_data_offset; // Offset to the start of the pixel data
+};
+
+// structure to store image information data
+struct BitMapInfoHeader
+{
+    uint32_t header_size;       // Size of this header (40 bytes)
+    int32_t width;              // Width of the image in pixels
+    int32_t height;             // Height of the image in pixels
+    uint16_t planes;            // Number of color planes (1)
+    uint16_t bits_per_pixel;    // Number of bits per pixel (8 for grayscale)
+    uint32_t compression;       // Compression method (0 for uncompressed)
+    uint32_t image_size;        // Size of the raw image data (0 for uncompressed)
+    int32_t x_pixels_per_meter; // Horizontal resolution in pixels per meter
+    int32_t y_pixels_per_meter; // Vertical resolution in pixels per meter
+    uint32_t colors_used;       // Number of colors used in the image, 0 means all colors are used
+    uint32_t colors_important;  // Number of important colors used, 0 means all colors are important
+};
+
+// Define the BMPImage structure that contains the File Type Data, Image Information data and the pixel data
+struct BMPImage
+{
+    BitMapFileHeader header;   // File Type Data
+    BitMapInfoHeader info;     // Image Information Data
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data; // Raw Pixel Data
+};
+#pragma pack(pop)
+
+// Main function
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    if (argc != 2)
+    { // Check if the user provided an input file and return error message if file not found
+        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " <input_file.bmp>" << std::endl;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // Read the BMP image from file
+    // open the input file using the filename passed in as an argument (stored in argv[1]).
+    std::ifstream infile(argv[1], std::ios::binary);
+    if (!infile)
+    {
+        std::cerr << "Error: Could not open input file: " << argv[1] << std::endl;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // create a BMPImage object to hold the image data.
+    BMPImage image;
+
+    // read the BMP image file and store the size of BitMapFileHeader (14 bytes) in image.header
+    infile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&image.header), sizeof(BitMapFileHeader));
+
+    // check if the first two bytes of the BMP header indicate that this is a BMP image (the signature 'BM'). If not, print an error message which returns 1.
+    if (image.header.file_type[0] != 'B' || image.header.file_type[1] != 'M')
+    {
+        std::cerr << "Error: Input file is not a BMP image" << std::endl;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // Output image file type data to the console
+    std::cout << "\n-------------------- Bit Map File Header --------------------" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "File type: " << image.header.file_type << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "File Size: " << image.header.file_size << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Pixel Data Offset: " << image.header.pixel_data_offset << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------\n" << std::endl;
+
+    // read the BMP image file and store the size of BitMapInfoHeader (40 bytes) in image.info
+    infile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&image.info), sizeof(BitMapInfoHeader));
+    if (image.info.bits_per_pixel != 8)
+    {
+        std::cerr << "Error: Input file is not an 8-bit BMP image" << std::endl;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int h = image.info.height;
+    int w = image.info.width;
+
+    // Output image attributes to console
+    std::cout << "-------------------- Bit Map Info Header --------------------" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Header Size: " << image.info.header_size << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Width: " << image.info.width << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Height: " << image.info.height << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Planes: " << image.info.planes << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Bits per pixel: " << static_cast<int>(image.info.bits_per_pixel) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Compression type: " << image.info.compression << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Image Size: " << image.info.image_size << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "X pixels per meter: " << image.info.x_pixels_per_meter << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Y pixels per meter: " << image.info.y_pixels_per_meter << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Number of Colors Used: " << image.info.colors_used << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Number of important colors: " << image.info.colors_important << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------\n" << std::endl;
+
+    // if valid, the code allocates memory for the image data (the pixel values) by resizing the image.data vector to hold width x height elements.
+    image.data.resize(w * h);
+
+    // read the image data from the input file into the image.data vector
+    infile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(image.data.data()), image.data.size());
+
+    // To plot the data of each grayscale pixel fetched from the bitmap file, SDL2 library is used
+    SDL_Event event;
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    SDL_Window *window;
+    SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO);
+
+    // Create a Window and Renderer component to display on screen
+    SDL_CreateWindowAndRenderer(w, h, 0, &window, &renderer);
+    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 255, 255, 255, 0);
+    SDL_RenderClear(renderer);
+
+    // Plot each pixel on the screen based on its location
+    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < w; j++)
+        {
+            uint8_t k = image.data[j + i * h];
+            SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, k, k, k, 255);
+
+            // It is to be noted that SDL library follows botton left as the origin of the image
+            SDL_RenderDrawPoint(renderer, j, h - i - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SDL_RenderPresent(renderer);
+
+    // keeping the window active till the quit button is pressed
+    while (1)
+    {
+        if (SDL_PollEvent(&event) && event.type == SDL_QUIT)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // Free up the resources
+    SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+    SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
+    SDL_Quit();
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}