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Implemented review suggestions for Tiny Typir example in README.
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insafuhrmann committed Dec 20, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -61,9 +61,8 @@ This repository contains the following stand-alone applications, which demonstra

## Tiny Typir Example

Both the LOX and OX examples have been created with Langium. Here comes a very small Langium independent example for the usage of Typir with a tiny expression language. We show how to use the Typir API for its Tiny Typir type checking. You can also find the example in the repository code, implemented in form of a [test](/packages/typir/test/api-example.test.ts).

Our Tiny Typir language has only a few possible AstElements, namely NumberLiteral, StringLiteral, BinaryExpression, Variable, and AssignmentStatement. They are implemented in a very simple way, see for example our BinaryExpression:
Both the LOX and OX examples have been created with Langium. Here is a very small example for using Typir with a tiny expression language, which is independent from any language workbench like Langium. We show how to use the Typir API for type checking of Tiny Typir. You can also find the example in the repository, implemented in form of an executable [test case](/packages/typir/test/api-example.test.ts).
Our Tiny Typir language has only a few concepts (all are realized as `AstElement`s), namely numbers (`NumberLiteral`), strings (`StringLiteral`), binary expressions (`BinaryExpression`), variables (`Variable`), and assignments (`AssignmentStatement`). They are implemented in a very simple way, see for example our `BinaryExpression`:

```
class BinaryExpression extends AstElement {
Expand All @@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class BinaryExpression extends AstElement {
public right: AstElement,
) { super(); }
}
```
```typescript
Feel free to check out the others in the [test code](/packages/typir/test/api-example.test.ts), but a little spoiler: no surprises there.
Expand All @@ -85,36 +84,35 @@ const typir = createTypirServices();
const numberType = typir.factory.Primitives.create({ primitiveName: 'number', inferenceRules: node => node instanceof NumberLiteral });

const stringType = typir.factory.Primitives.create({ primitiveName: 'string', inferenceRules: node => node instanceof StringLiteral });
```
```typescript

Note that the inference rules are included in this. For the operators this is a bit longer, as we have to take care of the left and right operand and the operator of the binary expression, so we
extract it:
Note that the inference rules are included in this. For the operators this is a bit longer, as we have to take care of the left and right operand and the operator of the binary expression, so we extract it and will resuse it later for both the `+` and `-` operators:

```
const inferenceRule: InferOperatorWithMultipleOperands<BinaryExpression> = {
filter: node => node instanceof BinaryExpression,
matching: (node, operatorName) => node.operator === operatorName,
operands: node => [node.left, node.right],
};
```
```typescript

We wish to have two operators, the `+` operator, which should be overloaded to accept either two numbers to add or two strings to concatenate. This can be expressed with an array of signatures with different types for the operands and the return type of the operator. Furthermore, there is going to be a `-` operator with only one signature, as we need no overloading. Both refer to the inferenceRule we defined above:
We wish to have two operators, the `+` operator, which should be overloaded to accept either two numbers to add or two strings to concatenate. This can be expressed with an array of signatures with different types for the operands and the return type of the operator. Furthermore, there is going to be a `-` operator with only one signature, since there is only subtraction of numbers. Both operators refer to the inferenceRule we defined above. `numberType` and `stringType` are the primitive types we defined above.

```
typir.factory.Operators.createBinary({ name: '+', signatures: [
{ left: numberType, right: numberType, return: numberType },
{ left: stringType, right: stringType, return: stringType },
], inferenceRule });
typir.factory.Operators.createBinary({ name: '-', signatures: [{ left: numberType, right: numberType, return: numberType }], inferenceRule });
```
```typescript

As we'd like to be able to convert number to strings implicitly, we add the following line. Note that this will for example make it possible to concatenate numbers and strings with the `+` operator, though it as no signature for a number and a string parameter.
As we'd like to be able to convert numbers to strings implicitly, we add the following line. Note that this will for example make it possible to concatenate numbers and strings with the `+` operator, though it has no signature for a number and a string parameter in the operator definition above.

```
typir.Conversion.markAsConvertible(numberType, stringType,'IMPLICIT_EXPLICIT');
```
```typescript

Furthermore we can specify how Typir should infer the variable type. We decided that the type of the variable should be the type if its initial value.
Furthermore we can specify how Typir should infer the variable type. We decided that the type of the variable should be the type of its initial value. Typir internally considers the inference rules for primitives and operators as well, when recursively inferring the given AstElement.

```
typir.Inference.addInferenceRule(node => {
Expand All @@ -123,9 +121,9 @@ typir.Inference.addInferenceRule(node => {
}
return InferenceRuleNotApplicable;
});
```
```typescript

Finally, we add a type related validation rule for our small example: In case we have an AssignmentStatement, we check whether the type to be assigned is an assignmable match for the variable type. We can do that with a custom message. An error with this message will show up for example when we try to assign "hello" to a number variable. It will not show up in case we assign 123 to a string variable, as we have defined the implicit convertability above.
Finally, we add a type related validation rule for our small example: In case we have an AssignmentStatement, we check whether the type to be assigned is an assignable match for the variable type. We can do that with a custom message. An error with this message will show up for example when we try to assign the string literal "hello" to a number variable. It will not show up in case we assign the number literal 123 to a string variable, as we have defined the implicit conversion above.

```
typir.validation.Collector.addValidationRule(node => {
Expand All @@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ typir.validation.Collector.addValidationRule(node => {
}
return [];
});
```
```typescript

Wrapping this up, these are the test examples for the language usage with the expected type checking outcome:

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ const varNumber = new Variable('v2', new NumberLiteral(456));
const assignStringToNumber = new AssignmentStatement(varNumber, new StringLiteral('123'));
const errors2 = typir.validation.Collector.validate(assignStringToNumber);
expect(errors2[0].message).toBe("The type 'string' is not assignable to the type 'number'.");
```
```typescript

## Resources

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