rust: upgrade to Rust 1.77.0

This is the next upgrade to the Rust toolchain, from 1.76.0 to 1.77.0
(i.e. the latest) [1].

See the upgrade policy [2] and the comments on the first upgrade in
commit 3ed03f4 ("rust: upgrade to Rust 1.68.2").

The `offset_of` feature (single-field `offset_of!`) that we were using
got stabilized in Rust 1.77.0 [3].

Therefore, now the only unstable features allowed to be used outside the
`kernel` crate is `new_uninit`, though other code to be upstreamed may
increase the list.

Please see [4] for details.

Rust 1.77.0 merged the `unused_tuple_struct_fields` lint into `dead_code`,
thus upgrading it from `allow` to `warn` [5]. In turn, this makes `rustc`
complain about the `ThisModule`'s pointer field being never read. Thus
locally `allow` it for the moment, since we will have users later on
(e.g. Binder needs a `as_ptr` method [6]).

Rust 1.77.0 introduces the `--check-cfg` feature [7], for which there
is a Call for Testing going on [8]. We were requested to test it and
we found it useful [9] -- we will likely enable it in the future.

The vast majority of changes are due to our `alloc` fork being upgraded
at once.

There are two kinds of changes to be aware of: the ones coming from
upstream, which we should follow as closely as possible, and the updates
needed in our added fallible APIs to keep them matching the newer
infallible APIs coming from upstream.

Instead of taking a look at the diff of this patch, an alternative
approach is reviewing a diff of the changes between upstream `alloc` and
the kernel's. This allows to easily inspect the kernel additions only,
especially to check if the fallible methods we already have still match
the infallible ones in the new version coming from upstream.

Another approach is reviewing the changes introduced in the additions in
the kernel fork between the two versions. This is useful to spot
potentially unintended changes to our additions.

To apply these approaches, one may follow steps similar to the following
to generate a pair of patches that show the differences between upstream
Rust and the kernel (for the subset of `alloc` we use) before and after
applying this patch:

    # Get the difference with respect to the old version.
    git -C rust checkout $(linux/scripts/min-tool-version.sh rustc)
    git -C linux ls-tree -r --name-only HEAD -- rust/alloc |
        cut -d/ -f3- |
        grep -Fv README.md |
        xargs -IPATH cp rust/library/alloc/src/PATH linux/rust/alloc/PATH
    git -C linux diff --patch-with-stat --summary -R > old.patch
    git -C linux restore rust/alloc

    # Apply this patch.
    git -C linux am rust-upgrade.patch

    # Get the difference with respect to the new version.
    git -C rust checkout $(linux/scripts/min-tool-version.sh rustc)
    git -C linux ls-tree -r --name-only HEAD -- rust/alloc |
        cut -d/ -f3- |
        grep -Fv README.md |
        xargs -IPATH cp rust/library/alloc/src/PATH linux/rust/alloc/PATH
    git -C linux diff --patch-with-stat --summary -R > new.patch
    git -C linux restore rust/alloc

Now one may check the `new.patch` to take a look at the additions (first
approach) or at the difference between those two patches (second
approach). For the latter, a side-by-side tool is recommended.

Link: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/stable/RELEASES.md#version-1770-2024-03-21 [1]
Link: https://rust-for-linux.com/rust-version-policy [2]
Link: rust-lang/rust#118799 [3]
Link: #2 [4]
Link: rust-lang/rust#118297 [5]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-rust-binder-v1-2-08ba9197f637@google.com/#Z31rust:kernel:lib.rs [6]
Link: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/unstable-book/compiler-flags/check-cfg.html [7]
Link: rust-lang/rfcs#3013 (comment) [8]
Link: rust-lang/rust#82450 (comment) [9]
Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240217002717.57507-1-ojeda@kernel.org
[boqun: Resolve the conflicts with using upstream alloc]

Documentation/process/changes.rst

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
 ====================== ===============  ========================================
 GNU C                  5.1              gcc --version
 Clang/LLVM (optional)  13.0.1           clang --version
-Rust (optional)        1.76.0           rustc --version
+Rust (optional)        1.77.0           rustc --version
 bindgen (optional)     0.65.1           bindgen --version
 GNU make               3.82             make --version
 bash                   4.2              bash --version

rust/kernel/lib.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #![feature(coerce_unsized)]
 #![feature(dispatch_from_dyn)]
 #![feature(new_uninit)]
-#![feature(offset_of)]
 #![feature(receiver_trait)]
 #![feature(unsize)]
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ pub trait Module: Sized + Sync {
 /// Equivalent to `THIS_MODULE` in the C API.
 ///
 /// C header: [`include/linux/export.h`](srctree/include/linux/export.h)
-pub struct ThisModule(*mut bindings::module);
+pub struct ThisModule(#[allow(dead_code)] *mut bindings::module);
 
 // SAFETY: `THIS_MODULE` may be used from all threads within a module.
 unsafe impl Sync for ThisModule {}

scripts/Makefile.build

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ $(obj)/%.lst: $(src)/%.c FORCE
 # Compile Rust sources (.rs)
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-rust_allowed_features := new_uninit,offset_of
+rust_allowed_features := new_uninit
 
 # `--out-dir` is required to avoid temporaries being created by `rustc` in the
 # current working directory, which may be not accessible in the out-of-tree

scripts/min-tool-version.sh

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ llvm)
 	fi
 	;;
 rustc)
-	echo 1.76.0
+	echo 1.77.0
 	;;
 bindgen)
 	echo 0.65.1