Move qiskit-tutorials into this repository (Qiskit/qiskit#10710)

https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-tutorials has been archived because the
docs are now built in this repository and we want to simplify our docs
infrastructure.

This PR merges the qiskit-tutorials repository here for the relevant
tutorials, preserving its Git history. It uses `git-filter-repo` to
tweak the Git history of `qiskit-tutorials` to be consumable in this
repository, such as changing of `tutorials/` to be `docs/tutorials`. It
also prunes irrelevant commits since we only copy over the tutorials
that are currently in use and we ignore files like README.md that aren't
copied over.

See
[tutorials_migration.zip](https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit/files/12442282/tutorials_migration.zip)
for how the migration was generated; credit to @jakelishman for the
original script used in Qiskit/qiskit#10611.
Then, I used `git merge --allow-unrelated-histories
qiskit-tutorials/master`, with the remote `qiskit-tutorials` pointed at
the prepared local repository.

The merge was clean. This PR adds two commits on tip:

* Removes the `prepare_tutorials.bash` script and placeholder tutorials
that were used to download the tutorials from `qiskit-tutorials`
dynamically. No need now that they live in the same repository.
* Updates the tutorials with the most recently executed versions from
CI.