postgresql_{11,12,13,14}: build with support for JIT compilation

[ivan]

Motivation for this change

This is a WIP PR for testing PostgreSQL with support for the LLVM-based JIT.

This is based almost entirely on @andir and @dasJ's work in #124804. My only real contribution here is to fix the build of periods and postgis when postgres is built with clang.

I tested only postgresql_14 (14.1) with extensions periods and postgis on NixOS 21.11, and did not test other versions, macOS, or other extensions.

I am unable to finish this PR right now, and I also didn't find the JIT very useful, as it caused a GIN CREATE INDEX on an expression to use 100GB of RAM and crash the PostgreSQL server. There are similar reports of the JIT causing issues on the web and on the People, Postgres, Data Discord.

Things done

• Built on platform(s)
  • x86_64-linux
  • aarch64-linux
  • x86_64-darwin
  • aarch64-darwin
• For non-Linux: Is sandbox = true set in nix.conf? (See Nix manual)
• Tested, as applicable:
  • NixOS test(s) (look inside nixos/tests)
  • and/or package tests
  • or, for functions and "core" functionality, tests in lib/tests or pkgs/test
  • made sure NixOS tests are linked to the relevant packages
• Tested compilation of all packages that depend on this change using nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review rev HEAD". Note: all changes have to be committed, also see nixpkgs-review usage
• Tested basic functionality of all binary files (usually in ./result/bin/)
• 22.05 Release Notes (or backporting 21.11 Release notes)
  • (Package updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is major or breaking
  • (Module updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is significant
  • (Module addition) Added a release notes entry if adding a new NixOS module
  • (Release notes changes) Ran nixos/doc/manual/md-to-db.sh to update generated release notes
• Fits CONTRIBUTING.md.