feat: add basic re-routeable logger

[FrogTheFrog]

Description

Add a basic re-routable logger (with the intention of connecting to Sunshine later on) that follows
the BOOST_LOG(info) << ... pattern for a drop-in replacement when porting the code.

Additionally C++ is bumped to 20 and some other minor cleanup was performed.

Type of Change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Dependency update (updates to dependencies)
• Documentation update (changes to documentation)
• Repository update (changes to repository files, e.g. .github/...)

Checklist

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have added or updated the in code docstring/documentation-blocks for new or existing methods/components

Branch Updates

LizardByte requires that branches be up-to-date before merging. This means that after any PR is merged, this branch
must be updated before it can be merged. You must also
Allow edits from maintainers.

• I want maintainers to keep my branch updated

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 70.21277% with 14 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 70.21%. Comparing base (7ad938f) to head (b9743a4).

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           master       #9       +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage        0   70.21%   +70.21%     
===========================================
  Files           0        2        +2     
  Lines           0       47       +47     
  Branches        0       15       +15     
===========================================
+ Hits            0       33       +33     
- Misses          0        1        +1     
- Partials        0       13       +13     

Flag	Coverage Δ
Windows	70.21% <70.21%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
src/logging.h	50.00% <50.00%> (ø)
src/logging.cpp	71.11% <71.11%> (ø)