Adjustments Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

book/content/modelling/04_thermodynamics/01_fundamentals.ipynb

@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@
     "\n",
     "In a thermodynamic analysis it is essential to define the investigated system and its interactions with the surroundings. A system can be any region that is clearly defined in terms of spatial coordinates, which can be fixed or moving. The boundary is the surface delimiting this region, and it can be an actual wall or an imaginary surface. The external region to the system boundary is called the environment or surroundings.\n",
     "\n",
+    ":::{system} thermo-system\n",
+    "\n",
+    "<img src=\"figs/system.gif\" width=\"60%\">\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Thermodynamic system. Source: [Adapted from Wikkimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermally_Agitated_Molecule_(grayscale).gif).\n",
+    ":::\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
     "The *state* of a thermodynamic system is typically expressed by means of its primitive properties, which refer to the characteristics of the system that can be experimentally measured. For example:\n",
     "\n",
     "* **pressure**, $\\mf p$,\n",
@@ -85,8 +93,6 @@
     "* **work**, $\\mf W$, e.g. mechanical or electrical work, like the compression or expansion of a volume due to a moving piston, \n",
     "* **heat**, $\\mf Q$, e.g. energy transfer due to a temperature difference.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Unlike state functions, heat and work depend on the path taken during a change of state. If the path changes, heat and/ or work will also change.\n",
-    "\n",
     "## Intensive *vs* extensive properties\n",
     "\n",
     "Properties of a system can be further classified as intensive or extensive. By convention, extensive properties are those depending on the size (extension) of the system, whereas intensive properties do not depend on the system's extension. Some examples of extensive properties are volume and enthalpy. Temperature and pressure are on the other hand are intensive, because they are independent of the system's size. \n",
@@ -96,12 +102,12 @@
     "\n",
     "## Classification of boundaries\n",
     "\n",
-    "The interactions between a system and the surroundings are determined by the nature of the system boundary. There are four definitions of boundaries, which imply in different types of interactions between the system and the surroundings:\n",
+    "The interactions between a system and the surroundings are determined by the nature of the system boundary. There are four definitions of boundaries, which are linked to different types of interactions between the system and the surroundings:\n",
     "\n",
     "* **closed**: no mass flow, possibility for heat flow ($\\mf \\Delta Q\\neq 0$) and / or work to be done ($\\mf \\Delta W\\neq 0$);\n",
     "* **open**: possibility for mass and heat flow, as well as for work to be done;\n",
     "* **adiabatic**: no heat or mass flow ($\\mf \\Delta Q=0$), yet work can to be done ($\\mf \\Delta W\\neq 0$); and\n",
-    "* **isolated**: no mass flow, no heat flow ($\\mf \\Delta Q=0$) and no work done ($\\mf \\Delta W=0$);\n",
+    "* **isolated**: no mass flow, no heat flow ($\\mf \\Delta Q=0$) and no work done ($\\mf \\Delta W=0$).\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",