[PROF-10588] Support GVL profiling preview on Ruby 3.2

[ivoanjo]

What does this PR do?

This PR builds atop #3929 that added support for GVL profiling for Ruby 3.3+ and makes GVL profiling also work for Ruby 3.2 .

Supporting GVL profiling on Ruby 3.2 needed special additional work. That's because while in Ruby 3.2 we have the GVL instrumentation API giving us the events we need to profile the GVL, we're missing:

1. Getting the Ruby thread VALUE as an argument in GVL instrumentation API events
2. The rb_internal_thread_specific API that allows us to attach in a thread-safe way data to Ruby thread objects

Both 1 and 2 were only introduced in Ruby 3.3, and our implementation of GVL profiling relies/relied on them.

This PR... reimplements 1 & 2 in an alternative way, allowing us to keep our existing design for 3.3+, while also supporting the older Ruby version.

I've split it into two commits:

i. Abstracting access and management of 1 & 2 into a new set of files (gvl_profiling_helper.c/gvl_profiling_helper.h). These new files are zero-overhead abstractions for most situations.

ii. Implementing 1 & 2 for Ruby 3.2.

Motivation:

We believe GVL profiling is quite an important observability feature for Ruby, and thus we want to support it on all Ruby versions that provide the GVL instrumentation API.

Additional Notes:

To solve 1, we're using native level thread-locals (GCC's __thread) to keep a pointer to the underlying Ruby rb_thread_t structure.

This is more complex than than "just keep it on a thread-local" because:

a) Ruby reuses native threads. When a Ruby thread dies, Ruby keeps the underlying native thread around for a bit, and if another Ruby thread is born very quickly after the previous one, Ruby will reuse the native thread and attach it to the new Ruby thread.

To avoid incorrectly reusing the thread-locals, we install an event hook on Ruby thread start, and make sure to clean any native thread-locals when a new thread stats.

b) Some of the GVL instrumentation API events are emitted while the thread does not have the GVL and so we need to be careful when we can and cannot read VM information.

Thus, we only initialize the thread-local during the RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED which is emitted while the thread owns the GVL.

c) Since we don't get the current thread in events, we need to get a bit... creative. Thus, what we do is in RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED, because we know the current thread MUST own the GVL, we read from the internal Ruby VM state which thread is the GVL owner to find the info we need.

With a + b + c together we are able to keep a pointer to the underlying rb_thread_t up-to-date in a native thread local, thus replacing the need to get a VALUE thread as an argument.

To solve 2, we rely on an important observation: there's a VALUE stat_insn_usage field inside rb_thread_t that's unused and seems to have effectively been forgotten about.

There's nowhere in the VM code that's writing or reading it (other than marking it for GC), and not even git history reveals a time where this field was used. I could not find any other references to this field anywhere else. Thus, we make use of this field to store the information we need, as a replacement for rb_internal_thread_specific.

Since presumably Ruby 3.2 will never see this field either removed or used during its remaining maintenance release period this should work fine, and we have a nice clean solution for 3.3+.

How to test the change?

Happily, with the changes on this PR, the existing test coverage we added for GVL profiling on 3.3 is also green on 3.2! :)

And here's a few screenshots of the same test scripts I've included in #3929, now with Ruby 3.2:

• https://github.com/ivoanjo/gvl-tracing/blob/master/examples/example1.rb:

• https://github.com/ivoanjo/gvl-tracing/blob/master/examples/example4.rb:

• https://github.com/ivoanjo/gvl-tracing/blob/master/examples/rubykaigi2023/rk-example2.rb:

• https://github.com/ivoanjo/gvl-tracing/blob/master/examples/rubykaigi2023/rk-example4.rb:

• https://github.com/ivoanjo/gvl-tracing/blob/master/examples/rubykaigi2023/rk-example6.rb:

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 97.77%. Comparing base (be8882a) to head (a010650).
Report is 17 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #3939   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   97.77%   97.77%           
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  Files        1297     1297           
  Lines       77975    77975           
  Branches     3888     3888           
=======================================
  Hits        76240    76240           
  Misses       1735     1735           

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	97.77% <100.00%> (?)

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[pr-commenter]

Benchmarks

Benchmark execution time: 2024-09-23 11:13:47

Comparing candidate commit a010650 in PR branch ivoanjo/prof-10588-gvl-profiling-ruby32 with baseline commit be8882a in branch master.

Found 0 performance improvements and 0 performance regressions! Performance is the same for 23 metrics, 2 unstable metrics.

[marcotc]

🔥

[ivoanjo]

Update: I'm still finishing up some testing, and if all goes well I plan to merge this in next week.