conformal 保角的；共形的；正形的
interdisciplinary 跨学科的
reconciling （重新）调和
reuniting （重新）统一
emerging research field 新兴研究领域
Recently, the emerging technology of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)
heterogeneous （多种技术）混合的
postulates 前提
order of magnitude 数量级
status quo 现状
can this status quo be fundamentally overcome
triangulation 三角测量
vision 愿景
the vision of SREs
intermediate (parameters) 中间变量
isotropic 各向同性的
mutual (antanna coupling)
Holographic 全息的
cognitive radio 认知无线电
increasing-quality 渐进算法
Be envisioned to do
预期可以（达到某种目的或预计需要某些要求）
The sixth-generation (6G) of communication networks is, on the other hand, envisioned to require a new architectural platform that performs joint communication, sensing, localization, and computing, while ensuring ultra-high throughput, ultra-low latency, and ultra-high reliability, which need to be flexibly customized in real-time.
accommodate 适应（新的需求）
To accommodate the new demands
emerged 新兴技术兴起
e.g. have emerged as a new paradigm for
endow 赋予 （某种性质）
advancing 技术进步
e.g. From 1G to 5G, the system capacity has been significantly improved by advancing the transceiver design
fabricated 建造
Particularly, an active RIS element was designed and fabricated to validate the developed signal model through experimental measurements.
manipulate 操控
Then, by properly adjusting Θ to manipulate the N signals reflected by the N RIS elements to coherently add up with the same phase at the receiver, a high array gain proportional to N2 can be achieved.
integrate 将某项技术融合进来
the key component of an active RIS element is the additionally integrated active reflection-type amplifier, which can be realized by many existing active components, such the current-inverting converter
comprise 包含
An RIS comprises many reconfigurable elements that adjust the reflection, refraction, and scattering characteristics of the incident signals by inducing the manage�able phase shifts of the elements without complex decoding, encoding, and radio frequency processing operations
expected （性能提升）达到
the improvements that can be expected by （某项技术）
Major performance gains can be expected by breaking free from the postulate that（）
imperative 重要的
In view of the above issues and limitations, it is imperative to develop disruptively new and innovative technologies to achieve a sustainable capacity growth of future wireless networks with low and affordable cost, complexity, and energy consumption.
Fulfill 满足（具有挑战性的要求）
Fulfill the challenging requirements
Break（ing） free from 打破/突破（某种传统思维）
Major performance gains can be expected by breaking free from the postulate that
manipulate 使用
exploit 利用
- harnessing 驾驭
- manipulate
- capitalizing on
Taming 改良
pruned 经过改进的（裁剪、自定义）
augment 增强（无线通信）
Substaintial 巨大的（改进）
necessitates 需要
Therefore, the ever growing need for higher data rates and better connectivity across highly challenging scenarios and environments necessitates the adoption of extraordinary technological solutions.
Backbone 支柱（技术）
Constitute the backbone of 5G network
pillars 支柱
one of the main pillars of
paradigm 范例
emerging paradigm新兴范例（技术）
criteria 条件
designs and optimization criteria 设计上和优化过程中的条件（处理方式、标准）
prerequisite 先决条件
with high fidelity （信道估计活实验结果）精度很高
intervention (人为) 干预
SEN (自演进网络) 可以在更少的人为干预下
agility 灵活性
Recently, Self-Evolving Networks (SENs) [1] have been proposed to facilitate autonomous network manage- ment to reduce human intervention as much as possible by considering the agility and Machine Learning (ML)- based management aspects of Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs).
autonomous 自主的
holistic 全面的
holistic view of the problem
incident 除了有名词“事件”的意思之外还有“附加的”意思，和signal组合的时候意为入射信号
contemporary paradigms 现代的大规模计划，（工业4.0 智慧城市 autonomous connected vehicles
ubiquitous （某项技术、某些愿景）变得常见了
noticeable 引人注目的，可以作为good的替换词
we propose the concept of active RISs as a promising solution to achieve noticeable capacity gains also in typical communication scenarios.
interdisciplinary 跨学科的
with the interdisciplinary development of
emerging 新型的
emerging field of … 新兴领域
Major 重大的（性能提升）
Major performance gains can be expected by
- profoundly .adv 极大程度地（提高性能）
Intriguing （question） 耐人寻味的问题
inherently (suboptimal) 自然地
- nattually
benign 良性的，较好的（情况下）
ingenious 精妙的（技术）
extraordinary 性能好的（技术）
tailored 某种技术适用于某种场景
be tailored to n.
numerous numerical (results) 很多仿真结果
Indispensable 必不可少的
Vital
pervasive
decidedly 必然的
imperative （某项技术）是十分迫切的
Unprecedented 空前的
in a desired manner
Specifically, an RIS is an array composed of massive passive elements, which reflect electromagnetic signals in a desired manner so as to reconfigure the wireless environment 5.
the key feature of
the key feature of active RIS is the capability of actively reflectin g signals with amplification at the expense of additional power consumption.
be realized by
（某些愿景，eg SREs）通过..实现
in an attempt of doing 试图（解决问题）
A plethora of research activities have flourished in an attempt of tinkling
In the context of
在（）的背景之下
counter the limitation of ...
突破限制
The current long-term vision for
。。。目前。。。的愿景
Conceptual and fundamental differences with
。。 和。。的概念上和本质上的区别
Comprehensive and critical overview
综合的和重要的概述
Fundamental technology enablers（关键技术），main operating principles（主要设计原则）， envisioned potential applications（新兴的潜在应用）， current state of research（现阶段研究状态） and the open research challenges（开放的研究挑战） of the emerging concept （新兴的概念）of SREs。
an enabler for
...的启发性技术
this property enables xxx to infer the source postion from xxx
Brought to attention。。 （某些问题）被带入视野
An intriguing question was recently brought to attention
bypassed
（by）adhering to 某项技术始终坚持（固有的、传统的思路，eg. Postulates that（某种传统的假设））。。
Flourish 某事物过多（原意为茂盛）
damped or obstructed （信号）被遮挡
attenuation 衰减
burden 负担
an overweight burden in the systen design
atypical Most existing works on RIS have bypassed this effect by only considering atypical scenarios with very poor direct links 8–10, 14– 16.
negligible 微小；微不足道的 However, due to the “double fading” effect, RIS only achieves a negligible capacity gain in typical communication scenario
[1]
# markdown 语法
# 1个 = 2个 = 4个
Plethora 过剩的
A plethora of research actives
biased 在某种情况下表现不佳
harsh 严峻的 某种恶劣情况
harsh multipath environments
non-trivial （task） 严峻的挑战
intermittent （信号差）间接的，时断时续的
unaffordable 成本太高 难以承受
combinatorial amount of 巨量（计算复杂度）
conservative 保守的
....(describe the drawbacks), which however has been widely ignored in many existing works. while 表示轻度转折 From 1G to 5G, the system capacity has been significantly improved by ad vancing the transceiver design, while the wireless channels have been usually considered to be uncontrollable.
are only observed in atypical communication scenarios where 场景的局限性 By contrast, ... Unfortunately
are, however, not designed to meet these requirements（某种技术）并不能满足这些需求
Nonetheless 尽管如此
whereas 等价于while 然而，一种东西怎么样，然而另一种东西怎么样
...(algrthm or novolty) is proposed to break this fundamental physical limit. 算法或者创新性被提出并且可以突破什么什么限制
Realized：
（某项技术）can be realized in different ways, 能以不同方式实现
（某项技术）can be realized at （某些优势）
Enabling technology for realizing （某些先进抽象概念，如智能无线环境，SREs）
we put forth the need of ：我们提出了。。的需要
we put forth the need of reconciling and reuniting C. E. Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication with G. Green’s and J. C. Maxwell’s mathematical theories of electromagnetism for appropriately modeling, analyzing, optimizing, and deploying future wireless networks empowered by RISs
network man- agement under such highly dynamic conditions arises as a challenging research problem 。。场景下的什么问题提出挑战
Different from the existing passive RIS that reflects signals passively without amplification, active RIS can actively amplify the reflected signals. By contrast, ...
A shares the same spirit with B. However,
together with Then, we propose the concept of active RIS together with its hardware structure and signal model to overcome this fatal problem.
..., which is validated through experimental measurements. ..., thus overcoming the fundamental limit of “double fading” effect. so as to ... Thanks to its ..., ... is expected to ... Due to ..., one of the most essential benefits of ... 由于。。。，所以它的优势在于
Owing to 由于
Owing to the interdisciplinary essence of 由于其跨学科的本质 which characterizes .. The reason for this result is . Consequently To achieve this goal, as a promising solution to ... We consider to analyze the capacity gain achievable by
In light of this information, 根据上面的信息
The core functionality of ... relies on ... 。。。的主要功能是。。。
Broadly speaking 广义上讲
In spite of the appealing advantages of (...) 尽管（某项技术）具有很多优势
extensive results show that, Particularly, an active RIS element was designed and fabricated to validate the developed signal model through experimental measurements. Extensive results show that,
Finally, we conduct simulations to verify ...
Over the past few decades, wireless communications have provided society with significant benefits. with the interdisciplinary development of Recently, with the interdisciplinary development of meta-materials, electromagnetics, and wireless communications, a revolutionary technique called reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been proposed 1–4, which offers a novel design paradigm by adding new degrees of freedom to intelligently control wireless channels for improved communications.
Increasing data traffic
It is forecast that
Between 2020 and 2030, it is forecast that the data traffic of the global Internet protocol (IP) will increase by 55% each year, eventually reaching 5,016 exabytes
have received significant treatment in the technical literature 在研究领域受到了关注
To address the ever-growing connectivity de-mand in communications, the adoption of ingenious so-lutions, such as... 为了解决。。。已经有。。。技术
has a potential to
metropolitan areas 都市区域
(RIS) is envisioned to be an essential component of the paradigm for beyond 5G networks