Add support for Debian 12 to the build/test pipelines

[damonbarry]

This change updates the build and tests pipelines to support Debian 12 amd64, arm64v8, and arm32v7. Specifically,

• In end-to-end tests, convert Debian 11 arm32v7 job to "minimal" since it will no longer be the latest supported Debian version. Since the arm32v7 jobs are very slow (they run on Raspberry Pi), we only run the full battery of tests on the latest version. On the others, we just run the TempSensor test.
• Add Debian 12 amd64, arm64v8, and arm32v7 jobs to the end-to-end tests pipeline.
• Add Debian 12 amd64, arm64v8, and arm32v7 to the packages build pipeline and related scripts.
• Update markdown docs and comments as needed.
• Update end-to-end test code to support Debian 12 packages.

To test, I ran the CI Build and end-to-end test pipelines and confirmed they pass.

Azure IoT Edge PR checklist:

This checklist is used to make sure that common guidelines for a pull request are followed.

General Guidelines and Best Practices

• I have read the contribution guidelines.
• Title of the pull request is clear and informative.
• Description of the pull request includes a concise summary of the enhancement or bug fix.

Testing Guidelines

• Pull request includes test coverage for the included changes.
• Description of the pull request includes
  • concise summary of tests added/modified
  • local testing done.

[damonbarry]

/azp run

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines successfully started running 4 pipeline(s).