Lesson4.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 类"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    person defined\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    def setname(self, name):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        set person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "\n",
    "    def show(self):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        show person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        print self.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 类对象"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<class __main__.A at 0x104587808>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 执行时产生类对象，并赋值给class后的变量\n",
    "class A:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    class A here\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "A"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "<unbound method B.getname>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 类内的赋值语句会创建类的属性\n",
    "# 类属性提供对象的状态和行为\n",
    "class B:\n",
    "    x = 10\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def getname(self):\n",
    "        print id(self), type(self)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print B.x\n",
    "print B.getname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 实例对象"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<__main__.A instance at 0x104593290>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = A()\n",
    "print a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4367925048\n",
      "4367925048 <type 'instance'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = B()\n",
    "print id(b)\n",
    "b.getname()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "    class A here\n",
      "    \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(a)\n",
    "print A.__doc__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 构造函数"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    person defined\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name, age):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        print 'constructor is called:',self.name\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def setname(self, name):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        set person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "\n",
    "    def show(self):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        show person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        print self.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called: joe\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p1 = Person(\"joe\", 20)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called: kate\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p2 = Person(\"kate\", 19)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 析构函数"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    person defined\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    def __del__(self):\n",
    "        print 'destructor is called'\n",
    "\n",
    "    # 默认参数\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name=\"a\", age=20):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        print 'constructor is called'\n",
    "\n",
    "    def setname(self, name):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        set person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "\n",
    "    def show(self):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        show person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        print self.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p = Person()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "destructor is called\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del p"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called\n",
      "destructor is called\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 作用域\n",
    "def call_one():\n",
    "    q = Person()\n",
    "    return None\n",
    "\n",
    "call_one()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 运算符重载"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    person defined\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return 'Person name:%s and age:%d' % (self.name, self.age)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #def __repr__(self):\n",
    "    #    return '[REPR]Person name:%s and age:%d' % (self.name, self.age)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __del__(self):\n",
    "        print 'destructor is called'\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name=\"a\", age=20):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        print 'constructor is called'\n",
    "\n",
    "    def setname(self, name):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        set person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "\n",
    "    def show(self):\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        show person name\n",
    "        \"\"\"\n",
    "        print self.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called\n",
      "Person name:a and age:20\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p = Person()\n",
    "print p"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<__main__.Person instance at 0x10470e9e0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<string>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<string>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    <__main__.Person instance at 0x10470e9e0>\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p1 = eval(repr(p))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 索引迭代"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "p\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class stepper:\n",
    "    def __getitem__(self,i):\n",
    "      return self.data[i]\n",
    "\n",
    "X = stepper()\n",
    "X.data=\"Spam\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print X[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 属性引用"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "name",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-39-720f79b9ea69>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m \u001b[0mX\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m        \u001b[0;31m#Print 40\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 12\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mX\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m       \u001b[0;31m#AttributeError:name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-39-720f79b9ea69>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__getattr__\u001b[0;34m(self, attrname)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m       \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m40\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 6\u001b[0;31m       \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mAttributeError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mattrname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: name"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class empty:\n",
    "  def __getattr__(self,attrname):\n",
    "    if attrname == \"age\":\n",
    "      return 40\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "      raise AttributeError,attrname\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "X = empty()\n",
    "X.age        #Print 40\n",
    "\n",
    "X.name       #AttributeError:name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 类的继承"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Chinese(Person):\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "constructor is called\n",
      "a\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c = Chinese()\n",
    "print c.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a\n",
      "Person name:a and age:20\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.show()\n",
    "print c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "I am a dog!\n",
      "Running\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# 稍微复杂\n",
    "class CAnimal:\n",
    "    def __init__(self,voice='hello'): # voice初始化默认为hello\n",
    "        self.voice = voice\n",
    "    def Say(self):\n",
    "        print self.voice\n",
    "    def Run(self):\n",
    "        pass    # 空操作语句（不做任何操作）\n",
    "\n",
    "class CDog(CAnimal):          # 继承类CAnimal\n",
    "    def SetVoice(self,voice): # 子类增加函数SetVoice\n",
    "        self.voice = voice\n",
    "    def Run(self):            # 子类重载函数Run\n",
    "        print 'Running'\n",
    "\n",
    "dog = CDog()\n",
    "dog.SetVoice('I am a dog!') \n",
    "dog.Say()\n",
    "dog.Run()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 多重继承"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class C2: pass\n",
    "class C3: pass\n",
    "class C1(C2, C3): pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 静态方法和类方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class TestClass():\n",
    "\n",
    "    def callFunc(self):\n",
    "        print 'callFunc'\n",
    "\n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def callStatic():\n",
    "        print 'static call'\n",
    "\n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def callClass(cls):\n",
    "        print 'class call' "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "destructor is called\n",
      "callFunc\n",
      "static call\n",
      "class call\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c = TestClass()\n",
    "c.callFunc()\n",
    "c.callStatic()\n",
    "c.callClass()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "static call\n",
      "class call\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#TestClass.callFunc()\n",
    "TestClass.callStatic()\n",
    "TestClass.callClass()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 新式类的区别"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "经典类\n",
      "<__main__.E instance at 0x10473e248>\n",
      "<type 'instance'>\n",
      "__main__.E\n",
      "新式类\n",
      "<__main__.E1 object at 0x1047098d0>\n",
      "<class '__main__.E1'>\n",
      "<class '__main__.E1'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class E:    \n",
    "#经典类  \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "      \n",
    "class E1(object):    \n",
    "#新式类  \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "       \n",
    "e = E()  \n",
    "print \"经典类\"  \n",
    "print e  \n",
    "print type(e)  \n",
    "print e.__class__  \n",
    "  \n",
    "print \"新式类\"  \n",
    "e1 = E1()  \n",
    "print e1  \n",
    "print type(e1)\n",
    "print e1.__class__  \n",
    "  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "class D\n",
      "class A1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A(object):    \n",
    "    \"\"\" \n",
    "    新式类 \n",
    "    作为所有类的基类 \n",
    "    \"\"\"  \n",
    "    def foo(self):    \n",
    "        print \"class A\"   \n",
    "          \n",
    "class A1():    \n",
    "    \"\"\" \n",
    "    经典类 \n",
    "    作为所有类的基类 \n",
    "    \"\"\"  \n",
    "    def foo(self):    \n",
    "        print \"class A1\"    \n",
    "          \n",
    "class C(A):    \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "      \n",
    "class C1(A1):    \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "      \n",
    "class D(A):    \n",
    "    def foo(self):    \n",
    "        print \"class D\"    \n",
    "      \n",
    "class D1(A1):    \n",
    "    def foo(self):    \n",
    "        print \"class D1\"    \n",
    "          \n",
    "    \n",
    "    \n",
    "class E(C, D):    \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "      \n",
    "class E1(C1, D1):    \n",
    "    pass  \n",
    "  \n",
    "e = E()  \n",
    "e.foo()  \n",
    "    \n",
    "  \n",
    "e1 = E1()  \n",
    "e1.foo()  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'A' object has no attribute 'name1'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-51-4bccab65f985>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"a1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 11\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"a\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'A' object has no attribute 'name1'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A(object):    \n",
    "    __slots__ = ('name', 'age')   \n",
    "  \n",
    "class A1():    \n",
    "    __slots__ = ('name', 'age')   \n",
    "      \n",
    "a1 = A1()  \n",
    "a = A()  \n",
    "  \n",
    "a1.name1 = \"a1\"  \n",
    "a.name1 = \"a\" "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A.__getattribute__\n",
      "=========\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "A1 instance has no attribute 'test'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-52-2d300a523323>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     14\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     15\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"=========\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 16\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ma1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: A1 instance has no attribute 'test'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A(object):    \n",
    "    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):    \n",
    "        print \"A.__getattribute__\"  \n",
    "          \n",
    "      \n",
    "class A1():    \n",
    "    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):    \n",
    "        print \"A1.__getattribute__\"  \n",
    "          \n",
    "      \n",
    "a1 = A1()  \n",
    "a = A()  \n",
    "  \n",
    "a.test  \n",
    "print \"=========\"  \n",
    "a1.test  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 类的私有属性"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "2\n",
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class JustCounter:\n",
    "    __secretCount = 0  # 私有变量\n",
    "    publicCount = 0    # 公开变量\n",
    "\n",
    "    def count(self):\n",
    "        self.__secretCount += 1\n",
    "        self.publicCount += 1\n",
    "        print self.__secretCount\n",
    "\n",
    "counter = JustCounter()\n",
    "counter.count()\n",
    "counter.count()\n",
    "print counter.publicCount\n",
    "# print counter.__secretCount  # 报错，实例不能访问私有变量\n",
    "print counter._JustCounter__secretCount # 这样就可以访问了，伪私有变量"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'A' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '_A__func': <function __func at 0x10473d398>, '__doc__': None}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class A(object):\n",
    "    def __func(self):pass\n",
    "    \n",
    "print A.__dict__\n",
    "a = A()\n",
    "a._A__func()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 异常处理器"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 默认异常处理器"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-1-3ef7a5b5d2dd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x, y = 5, 0\n",
    "x/y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "string index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-2-c9fa9df27c97>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'hello'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m100\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: string index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello'\n",
    "s[100]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Try Except 处理器"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "error\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x, y = 5, 0\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    x/y\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print 'error'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "string index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-4-d4d23922aa9f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'hello'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m100\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;31m# 捕获除0操作？\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'error'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: string index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello'\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    s[100]\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:  # 捕获除0操作？\n",
    "    print 'error'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 异常的继承关系"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ZeroDivisionError catched\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    1/0\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print 'ZeroDivisionError catched'\n",
    "except ArithmeticError:\n",
    "    print 'ArithmeticError catched'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ArithmeticError catched\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    1/0\n",
    "except ArithmeticError:\n",
    "    print 'ArithmeticError catched'\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print 'ZeroDivisionError catched'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 触发异常"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "exceptions must be old-style classes or derived from BaseException, not NoneType",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-7-26814ed17a01>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: exceptions must be old-style classes or derived from BaseException, not NoneType"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "raise"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-8-2e97f6491c44>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "raise ZeroDivisionError"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "error\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    raise ZeroDivisionError\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print 'error'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/Users/heming03/python-env/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:3: DeprecationWarning: catching of string exceptions is deprecated\n",
      "  This is separate from the ipykernel package so we can avoid doing imports until\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "exceptions must be old-style classes or derived from BaseException, not str",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-10-e89055c1e0be>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"exception\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"exception\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"catched\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: exceptions must be old-style classes or derived from BaseException, not str"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    raise \"exception\"\n",
    "except \"exception\":\n",
    "    print \"catched\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Try/Catch/Else\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "内容写入文件成功\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    fh = open(\"testfile\", \"w\")\n",
    "    fh.write(\"这是一个测试文件，用于测试异常!!\")\n",
    "except IOError:\n",
    "    print \"Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\"\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print \"内容写入文件成功\"\n",
    "    fh.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## ELSE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "no excpetion here\n",
      "only run when no exception\n",
      "print anyway\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    print('no excpetion here')\n",
    "except Exception:\n",
    "    print('exception')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    # 这里的代码只会在try语句里没有触发异常时运行,\n",
    "    # 但是这里的异常将 *不会* 被捕获\n",
    "    print('only run when no exception')\n",
    "finally:\n",
    "    print('print anyway')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Finally"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "IOError",
     "evalue": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'testfile.notexist'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIOError\u001b[0m                                   Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-14-233938dce830>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mfh\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"testfile.notexist\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"r\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfh\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwrite\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"这是一个测试文件，用于测试异常!!\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfinally\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mIOError\u001b[0m: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'testfile.notexist'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    fh = open(\"testfile.notexist\", \"r\")\n",
    "    fh.write(\"这是一个测试文件，用于测试异常!!\")\n",
    "finally:\n",
    "    print \"Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    fh = open(\"testfile\", \"w\")\n",
    "    fh.write(\"这是一个测试文件，用于测试异常!!\")\n",
    "finally:\n",
    "    print \"Error: 没有找到文件或读取文件失败\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### finally陷阱"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def func():\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        1/0\n",
    "    except IndexError, e:\n",
    "        print 'index error'\n",
    "    finally:\n",
    "        print 'finally missed'\n",
    "        return"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "finally missed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "func()\n",
    "\n",
    "# 为什么异常消失了？"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 自定义异常"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class MyError(Exception):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, value):\n",
    "        self.value = value\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return repr(self.value)\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    raise MyError(2*2)\n",
    "except MyError as e:\n",
    "    print 'My exception occurred, value:', e.value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 断言"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert 1==1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AssertionError",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-19-ab8cbedd7149>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32massert\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "assert 1==0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AssertionError",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-20-f0d11256d59d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32massert\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m<\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "assert 3<2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "assert True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 异常参数\n",
    "assert True, 'error...'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## With/As"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-23-ccb3eae027b7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'nothing.txt'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'w'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwrite\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'continue'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('nothing.txt','w') as f:\n",
    "    f.write('a')\n",
    "    print 2/0\n",
    "    print 'continue'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 环境管理协议"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Open:\n",
    "    def __init__(self,filepath):\n",
    "        self.f = filepath\n",
    "\n",
    "    def write(self):\n",
    "        pass\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __enter__(self):\n",
    "        print \"出现with语句，对象会调用我\"\n",
    "        return self\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):\n",
    "        print \"with结束之后，会执行我\"\n",
    "        # return True  #返回值为正，with里面抛出异常时，程序不会退出，会执行with代码块，后面的代码"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "出现with语句，对象会调用我\n",
      "with结束之后，会执行我\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-25-893a3bf9f599>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mOpen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'1.txt'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwrite\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with Open('1.txt') as fp:\n",
    "    fp.write()\n",
    "    1/0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 异常和相关模块"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"<ipython-input-26-47e0edf57631>\", line 4, in <module>\n",
      "    1/0\n",
      "ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"<ipython-input-26-47e0edf57631>\", line 4, in <module>\n",
      "    1/0\n",
      "ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import traceback\n",
    "import inspect\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    1/0\n",
    "except:\n",
    "    traceback.print_exc()\n",
    "    print traceback.format_exc()\n",
    "    # print inspect.stack()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<type 'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'> : integer division or modulo by zero\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import sys\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    1/0\n",
    "except:\n",
    "    tp,val,td = sys.exc_info()\n",
    "    print tp,\":\",val"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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