Nominals of 1 stem ending in guttural consonant

[funderburkjim]

For a general discussion of declension of the nominals ending in consonants and declined with the '1-stem' models, see #41.

From analyze_1cons.txt we extract the following frequency information for nominals ending in a guttural and declined with the '1-stem' models.

• 24 entries ending in 'k' (4 distinct suffixes)
• 0 entries ending in 'K' (0 distinct suffixes)
• 1 entries ending in 'g' (1 distinct suffixes)
• 2 entries ending in 'G' (2 distinct suffixes)
• 0 entries ending in 'N' (0 distinct suffixes)

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant k

Recall the general endings for the 1-stem models.

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final k is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , k is unchanged.
• Before 7p ending su, k is unchanged, but su becomes zu.
• Before 'B' endings, k becomes g

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, k unchanged
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final k (Nki)

Declension of m_1_k Sak

This occurs in compound sarva-Sak; shown as example by Kale, p. 56.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	Sak	SakO	SakaH
Accusative	Sakam	SakO	SakaH
Instrumental	SakA	SagByAm	SagBiH
Dative	Sake	SagByAm	SagByaH
Ablative	SakaH	SagByAm	SagByaH
Genitive	SakaH	SakoH	SakAm
Locative	Saki	SakoH	Sakzu
Vocative	Sak	SakO	SakaH

Declension of n_1_k Sak

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	Sak	SakI	SaNki
Accusative	Sak	SakI	SaNki
Instrumental	SakA	SagByAm	SagBiH
Dative	Sake	SagByAm	SagByaH
Ablative	SakaH	SagByAm	SagByaH
Genitive	SakaH	SakoH	SakAm
Locative	Saki	SakoH	Sakzu
Vocative	Sak	SakI	SaNki

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant g

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final g is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final k is changed to k.
• Before 7p ending su, final g is changed to k, and su becomes zu.
• Before 'B' endings, final g is unchanged.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final g is changed to k
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final g (Ngi)

Note: no published examples of 1-stem ending in g are found.
The following declensions show application of above rules.

Declension of m_1_g valg

In MW entries, this occurs only in the compound su-valg.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	valk	valgO	valgaH
Accusative	valgam	valgO	valgaH
Instrumental	valgA	valgByAm	valgBiH
Dative	valge	valgByAm	valgByaH
Ablative	valgaH	valgByAm	valgByaH
Genitive	valgaH	valgoH	valgAm
Locative	valgi	valgoH	valkzu
Vocative	valk	valgO	valgaH

Declension of n_1_g valg

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	valk	valgI	valNgi
Accusative	valk	valgI	valNgi
Instrumental	valgA	valgByAm	valgBiH
Dative	valge	valgByAm	valgByaH
Ablative	valgaH	valgByAm	valgByaH
Genitive	valgaH	valgoH	valgAm
Locative	valgi	valgoH	valkzu
Vocative	valk	valgI	valNgi

The form valNgi seems odd; perhaps the ending compound consonant lg has some effect.

Kale mentions (section 91(a)) a rule regarding 1s forms that is NOT applied here --

[In the nom. singular] If there be a conjunct consonant at the end of a word the first consonant only
is retained.

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant G

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final G is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final G is changed to k.
• Before 7p ending su, final G is changed to k, and su becomes zu.
• Before 'B' endings, final G is changed to g

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final G is changed to k
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final G (NGi)

Declension of m_1_G rAG
Note: MW confirms the Nom. Singular

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	rAk	rAGO	rAGaH
Accusative	rAGam	rAGO	rAGaH
Instrumental	rAGA	rAgByAm	rAgBiH
Dative	rAGe	rAgByAm	rAgByaH
Ablative	rAGaH	rAgByAm	rAgByaH
Genitive	rAGaH	rAGoH	rAGAm
Locative	rAGi	rAGoH	rAkzu
Vocative	rAk	rAGO	rAGaH

Declension of n_1_G rAG

There are no instances of neuter nominals ending in 'G' in MW (or in other sources examined). So the
following declension is theoretical.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	rAk	rAGI	rANGi
Accusative	rAk	rAGI	rANGi
Instrumental	rAGA	rAgByAm	rAgBiH
Dative	rAGe	rAgByAm	rAgByaH
Ablative	rAGaH	rAgByAm	rAgByaH
Genitive	rAGaH	rAGoH	rAGAm
Locative	rAGi	rAGoH	rAkzu
Vocative	rAk	rAGI	rANGi

[funderburkjim]

Example of saraG

MW gives the following:

saragh f. (of unknown derivation; only in
nom. sg. saraṭ
dat. pl. saraḍbhyaḥ, and
nom. pl. saraghaḥ) a bee, RV. ; TS. ; ŚBr.

Our declension here has been adjusted in light of this presumed irregularity:

Declension of f_1_G saraG

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	saraw	saraGO	saraGaH
Accusative	saraGam	saraGO	saraGaH
Instrumental	saraGA	saraqByAm	saraqBiH
Dative	saraGe	saraqByAm	saraqByaH
Ablative	saraGaH	saraqByAm	saraqByaH
Genitive	saraGaH	saraGoH	saraGAm
Locative	saraGi	saraGoH	sarawsu
Vocative	saraw	saraGO	saraGaH

[gasyoun]

[In the nom. singular] If there be a conjunct consonant at the end of a word the first consonant only is retained.

M.B. Emenau
9. All but the first consonant of a final consonant cluster disappears at the end of a word (W 150) and is then subject to external sandhi. E.g., bharant- ‘carrying’ + s ⇒ bharan ‘one who is carrying.’