macros.rs

// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

/// Entry point of thread panic, for details, see std::macros
#[macro_export]
#[allow_internal_unstable]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! panic {
    () => (
        panic!("explicit panic")
    );
    ($msg:expr) => ({
        static _MSG_FILE_LINE: (&'static str, &'static str, u32) = ($msg, file!(), line!());
        $crate::panicking::panic(&_MSG_FILE_LINE)
    });
    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
        // The leading _'s are to avoid dead code warnings if this is
        // used inside a dead function. Just `#[allow(dead_code)]` is
        // insufficient, since the user may have
        // `#[forbid(dead_code)]` and which cannot be overridden.
        static _FILE_LINE: (&'static str, u32) = (file!(), line!());
        $crate::panicking::panic_fmt(format_args!($fmt, $($arg)*), &_FILE_LINE)
    });
}

/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// Assertions are always checked in both debug and release builds, and cannot
/// be disabled. See `debug_assert!` for assertions that are not enabled in
/// release builds by default.
///
/// Unsafe code relies on `assert!` to enforce run-time invariants that, if
/// violated could lead to unsafety.
///
/// Other use-cases of `assert!` include [testing] and enforcing run-time
/// invariants in safe code (whose violation cannot result in unsafety).
///
/// This macro has a second version, where a custom panic message can
/// be provided with or without arguments for formatting.
///
/// [testing]: ../book/testing.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// assert!(true);
///
/// fn some_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function
///
/// assert!(some_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// let x = true;
/// assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
///
/// let a = 3; let b = 27;
/// assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! assert {
    ($cond:expr) => (
        if !$cond {
            panic!(concat!("assertion failed: ", stringify!($cond)))
        }
    );
    ($cond:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => (
        if !$cond {
            panic!($($arg)+)
        }
    );
}

/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Like `assert!()`, this macro has a second version, where a custom
/// panic message can be provided.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 1 + 2;
/// assert_eq!(a, b);
///
/// assert_eq!(a, b, "we are testing addition with {} and {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! assert_eq {
    ($left:expr , $right:expr) => ({
        match (&$left, &$right) {
            (left_val, right_val) => {
                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
                    panic!("assertion failed: `(left == right)` \
                           (left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`)", left_val, right_val)
                }
            }
        }
    });
    ($left:expr , $right:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
        match (&($left), &($right)) {
            (left_val, right_val) => {
                if !(*left_val == *right_val) {
                    panic!("assertion failed: `(left == right)` \
                           (left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`): {}", left_val, right_val,
                           format_args!($($arg)*))
                }
            }
        }
    });
}

/// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Like `assert!()`, this macro has a second version, where a custom
/// panic message can be provided.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 2;
/// assert_ne!(a, b);
///
/// assert_ne!(a, b, "we are testing that the values are not equal");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.12.0")]
macro_rules! assert_ne {
    ($left:expr , $right:expr) => ({
        match (&$left, &$right) {
            (left_val, right_val) => {
                if *left_val == *right_val {
                    panic!("assertion failed: `(left != right)` \
                           (left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`)", left_val, right_val)
                }
            }
        }
    });
    ($left:expr , $right:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
        match (&($left), &($right)) {
            (left_val, right_val) => {
                if *left_val == *right_val {
                    panic!("assertion failed: `(left != right)` \
                           (left: `{:?}`, right: `{:?}`): {}", left_val, right_val,
                           format_args!($($arg)*))
                }
            }
        }
    });
}

/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// Like `assert!`, this macro also has a second version, where a custom panic
/// message can be provided.
///
/// Unlike `assert!`, `debug_assert!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// An unchecked assertion allows a program in an inconsistent state to keep
/// running, which might have unexpected consequences but does not introduce
/// unsafety as long as this only happens in safe code. The performance cost
/// of assertions, is however, not measurable in general. Replacing `assert!`
/// with `debug_assert!` is thus only encouraged after thorough profiling, and
/// more importantly, only in safe code!
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// debug_assert!(true);
///
/// fn some_expensive_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function
/// debug_assert!(some_expensive_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// let x = true;
/// debug_assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
///
/// let a = 3; let b = 27;
/// debug_assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert!($($arg)*); })
}

/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Unlike `assert_eq!`, `debug_assert_eq!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert_eq!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_eq!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 1 + 2;
/// debug_assert_eq!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert_eq {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert_eq!($($arg)*); })
}

/// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
/// debug representations.
///
/// Unlike `assert_ne!`, `debug_assert_ne!` statements are only enabled in non
/// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will omit all
/// `debug_assert_ne!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the
/// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_ne!` useful for checks that are too
/// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during
/// development.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3;
/// let b = 2;
/// debug_assert_ne!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.12.0")]
macro_rules! debug_assert_ne {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(debug_assertions) { assert_ne!($($arg)*); })
}

/// Helper macro for reducing boilerplate code for matching `Result` together
/// with converting downstream errors.
///
/// Prefer using `?` syntax to `try!`. `?` is built in to the language and is
/// more succinct than `try!`. It is the standard method for error propagation.
///
/// `try!` matches the given `Result`. In case of the `Ok` variant, the
/// expression has the value of the wrapped value.
///
/// In case of the `Err` variant, it retrieves the inner error. `try!` then
/// performs conversion using `From`. This provides automatic conversion
/// between specialized errors and more general ones. The resulting
/// error is then immediately returned.
///
/// Because of the early return, `try!` can only be used in functions that
/// return `Result`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io;
/// use std::fs::File;
/// use std::io::prelude::*;
///
/// enum MyError {
///     FileWriteError
/// }
///
/// impl From<io::Error> for MyError {
///     fn from(e: io::Error) -> MyError {
///         MyError::FileWriteError
///     }
/// }
///
/// fn write_to_file_using_try() -> Result<(), MyError> {
///     let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
///     try!(file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends."));
///     println!("I wrote to the file");
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// // This is equivalent to:
/// fn write_to_file_using_match() -> Result<(), MyError> {
///     let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
///     match file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.") {
///         Ok(v) => v,
///         Err(e) => return Err(From::from(e)),
///     }
///     println!("I wrote to the file");
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! try {
    ($expr:expr) => (match $expr {
        $crate::result::Result::Ok(val) => val,
        $crate::result::Result::Err(err) => {
            return $crate::result::Result::Err($crate::convert::From::from(err))
        }
    })
}

/// Write formatted data into a buffer
///
/// This macro accepts a 'writer' (any value with a `write_fmt` method), a format string, and a
/// list of arguments to format.
///
/// The `write_fmt` method usually comes from an implementation of [`std::fmt::Write`][fmt_write]
/// or [`std::io::Write`][io_write] traits. The term 'writer' refers to an implementation of one of
/// these two traits.
///
/// Passed arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string and the resulting
/// string will be passed to the writer.
///
/// See [`std::fmt`][fmt] for more information on format syntax.
///
/// `write!` returns whatever the 'write_fmt' method returns.
///
/// Common return values include: [`fmt::Result`][fmt_result], [`io::Result`][io_result]
///
/// [fmt]: ../std/fmt/index.html
/// [fmt_write]: ../std/fmt/trait.Write.html
/// [io_write]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [fmt_result]: ../std/fmt/type.Result.html
/// [io_result]: ../std/io/type.Result.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io::Write;
///
/// let mut w = Vec::new();
/// write!(&mut w, "test").unwrap();
/// write!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments").unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(w, b"testformatted arguments");
/// ```
///
/// A module can import both `std::fmt::Write` and `std::io::Write` and call `write!` on objects
/// implementing either, as objects do not typically implement both. However, the module must
/// import the traits qualified so their names do not conflict:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
/// use std::io::Write as IoWrite;
///
/// let mut s = String::new();
/// let mut v = Vec::new();
/// write!(&mut s, "{} {}", "abc", 123).unwrap(); // uses fmt::Write::write_fmt
/// write!(&mut v, "s = {:?}", s).unwrap(); // uses io::Write::write_fmt
/// assert_eq!(v, b"s = \"abc 123\"");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! write {
    ($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ($dst.write_fmt(format_args!($($arg)*)))
}

/// Write formatted data into a buffer, with a newline appended.
///
/// On all platforms, the newline is the LINE FEED character (`\n`/`U+000A`) alone
/// (no additional CARRIAGE RETURN (`\r`/`U+000D`).
///
/// This macro accepts a 'writer' (any value with a `write_fmt` method), a format string, and a
/// list of arguments to format.
///
/// The `write_fmt` method usually comes from an implementation of [`std::fmt::Write`][fmt_write]
/// or [`std::io::Write`][io_write] traits. The term 'writer' refers to an implementation of one of
/// these two traits.
///
/// Passed arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string and the resulting
/// string will be passed to the writer, along with the appended newline.
///
/// See [`std::fmt`][fmt] for more information on format syntax.
///
/// `write!` returns whatever the 'write_fmt' method returns.
///
/// Common return values include: [`fmt::Result`][fmt_result], [`io::Result`][io_result]
///
/// [fmt]: ../std/fmt/index.html
/// [fmt_write]: ../std/fmt/trait.Write.html
/// [io_write]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html
/// [fmt_result]: ../std/fmt/type.Result.html
/// [io_result]: ../std/io/type.Result.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::io::Write;
///
/// let mut w = Vec::new();
/// writeln!(&mut w).unwrap();
/// writeln!(&mut w, "test").unwrap();
/// writeln!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments").unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(&w[..], "\ntest\nformatted arguments\n".as_bytes());
/// ```
///
/// A module can import both `std::fmt::Write` and `std::io::Write` and call `write!` on objects
/// implementing either, as objects do not typically implement both. However, the module must
/// import the traits qualified so their names do not conflict:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
/// use std::io::Write as IoWrite;
///
/// let mut s = String::new();
/// let mut v = Vec::new();
/// writeln!(&mut s, "{} {}", "abc", 123).unwrap(); // uses fmt::Write::write_fmt
/// writeln!(&mut v, "s = {:?}", s).unwrap(); // uses io::Write::write_fmt
/// assert_eq!(v, b"s = \"abc 123\\n\"\n");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
macro_rules! writeln {
    ($dst:expr) => (
        write!($dst, "\n")
    );
    ($dst:expr, $fmt:expr) => (
        write!($dst, concat!($fmt, "\n"))
    );
    ($dst:expr, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (
        write!($dst, concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*)
    );
}

/// A utility macro for indicating unreachable code.
///
/// This is useful any time that the compiler can't determine that some code is unreachable. For
/// example:
///
/// * Match arms with guard conditions.
/// * Loops that dynamically terminate.
/// * Iterators that dynamically terminate.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This will always panic.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Match arms:
///
/// ```
/// # #[allow(dead_code)]
/// fn foo(x: Option<i32>) {
///     match x {
///         Some(n) if n >= 0 => println!("Some(Non-negative)"),
///         Some(n) if n <  0 => println!("Some(Negative)"),
///         Some(_)           => unreachable!(), // compile error if commented out
///         None              => println!("None")
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Iterators:
///
/// ```
/// # #[allow(dead_code)]
/// fn divide_by_three(x: u32) -> u32 { // one of the poorest implementations of x/3
///     for i in 0.. {
///         if 3*i < i { panic!("u32 overflow"); }
///         if x < 3*i { return i-1; }
///     }
///     unreachable!();
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! unreachable {
    () => ({
        panic!("internal error: entered unreachable code")
    });
    ($msg:expr) => ({
        unreachable!("{}", $msg)
    });
    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
        panic!(concat!("internal error: entered unreachable code: ", $fmt), $($arg)*)
    });
}

/// A standardized placeholder for marking unfinished code. It panics with the
/// message `"not yet implemented"` when executed.
///
/// This can be useful if you are prototyping and are just looking to have your
/// code typecheck, or if you're implementing a trait that requires multiple
/// methods, and you're only planning on using one of them.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Here's an example of some in-progress code. We have a trait `Foo`:
///
/// ```
/// trait Foo {
///     fn bar(&self);
///     fn baz(&self);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// We want to implement `Foo` on one of our types, but we also want to work on
/// just `bar()` first. In order for our code to compile, we need to implement
/// `baz()`, so we can use `unimplemented!`:
///
/// ```
/// # trait Foo {
/// #     fn bar(&self);
/// #     fn baz(&self);
/// # }
/// struct MyStruct;
///
/// impl Foo for MyStruct {
///     fn bar(&self) {
///         // implementation goes here
///     }
///
///     fn baz(&self) {
///         // let's not worry about implementing baz() for now
///         unimplemented!();
///     }
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     let s = MyStruct;
///     s.bar();
///
///     // we aren't even using baz() yet, so this is fine.
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
#[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")]
macro_rules! unimplemented {
    () => (panic!("not yet implemented"))
}

/// Built-in macros to the compiler itself.
///
/// These macros do not have any corresponding definition with a `macro_rules!`
/// macro, but are documented here. Their implementations can be found hardcoded
/// into libsyntax itself.
///
/// For more information, see documentation for `std`'s macros.
mod builtin {
    /// The core macro for formatted string creation & output.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::format_args!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::format_args!`]: ../std/macro.format_args.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! format_args { ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => ({
        /* compiler built-in */
    }) }

    /// Inspect an environment variable at compile time.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::env!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::env!`]: ../std/macro.env.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! env { ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Optionally inspect an environment variable at compile time.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::option_env!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::option_env!`]: ../std/macro.option_env.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! option_env { ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Concatenate identifiers into one identifier.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::concat_idents!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::concat_idents!`]: ../std/macro.concat_idents.html
    #[unstable(feature = "concat_idents_macro", issue = "29599")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! concat_idents {
        ($($e:ident),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ })
    }

    /// Concatenates literals into a static string slice.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::concat!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::concat!`]: ../std/macro.concat.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! concat { ($($e:expr),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// A macro which expands to the line number on which it was invoked.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::line!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::line!`]: ../std/macro.line.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! line { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// A macro which expands to the column number on which it was invoked.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::column!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::column!`]: ../std/macro.column.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! column { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// A macro which expands to the file name from which it was invoked.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::file!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::file!`]: ../std/macro.file.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! file { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// A macro which stringifies its argument.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::stringify!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::stringify!`]: ../std/macro.stringify.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! stringify { ($t:tt) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Includes a utf8-encoded file as a string.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include_str!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::include_str!`]: ../std/macro.include_str.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! include_str { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Includes a file as a reference to a byte array.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include_bytes!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::include_bytes!`]: ../std/macro.include_bytes.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! include_bytes { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Expands to a string that represents the current module path.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::module_path!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::module_path!`]: ../std/macro.module_path.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! module_path { () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Boolean evaluation of configuration flags.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::cfg!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::cfg!`]: ../std/macro.cfg.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! cfg { ($($cfg:tt)*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }

    /// Parse a file as an expression or an item according to the context.
    ///
    /// For more information, see the documentation for [`std::include!`].
    ///
    /// [`std::include!`]: ../std/macro.include.html
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[cfg(dox)]
    macro_rules! include { ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) }
}