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<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/25/url-enter后发生了什么/">url,enter后发生了什么</a>
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<h2 id="一、浏览器解析URL"><a href="#一、浏览器解析URL" class="headerlink" title="一、浏览器解析URL"></a>一、浏览器解析URL</h2><p>  协议:eg:http 、https、 ftp<br>  域名:eg:www.google.com.hk<br>  端口:eg:80<br>  …<br>  浏览器会根据识别出的协议发送请求。</p>
<h2 id="二、浏览器查询域名的IP地址"><a href="#二、浏览器查询域名的IP地址" class="headerlink" title="二、浏览器查询域名的IP地址"></a>二、浏览器查询域名的IP地址</h2><p>  在发送请求前,浏览器会检查Web缓存,然后调用网络请求的方法。</p>
<h3 id="emsp-emsp-DNS解析(负责将主机名称映射到相应的ip地址)"><a href="#emsp-emsp-DNS解析(负责将主机名称映射到相应的ip地址)" class="headerlink" title="  DNS解析(负责将主机名称映射到相应的ip地址)"></a>  DNS解析(负责将主机名称映射到相应的ip地址)</h3><h4 id="emsp-emsp-读取本地DNS缓存"><a href="#emsp-emsp-读取本地DNS缓存" class="headerlink" title="  读取本地DNS缓存"></a>  读取本地DNS缓存</h4><p>  浏览器会在DNS缓存当中查找网址映射关系,如果有,直接返回,完成域名解析。使用本地缓存,则无DNS查询,使用持久连接也是。<br>要查看Chrome的DNS缓存,可以打开chrome://net-internals/#dns</p>
<h4 id="emsp-emsp-读取本地hosts文件"><a href="#emsp-emsp-读取本地hosts文件" class="headerlink" title="  读取本地hosts文件"></a>  读取本地hosts文件</h4><p>  如果DNS缓存没有这个域名,则在hosts文件中查找网址映射关系,如果有,直接返回,完成域名解析。</p>
<h4 id="emsp-emsp-发送DNS解析请求"><a href="#emsp-emsp-发送DNS解析请求" class="headerlink" title="  发送DNS解析请求"></a>  发送DNS解析请求</h4><p>  如果本地DNS缓存和hosts文件都没有相应的网址映射关系,则浏览器会向本地域名服务器发送DNS查询报文;<br>  本地域名转发请求给根域名服务器,根域名服务器解析后,知道.com是顶级域名下的,就会返回com域中的NS记录(即.com域服务器的ip地址,一般来说是13个主机名和ip);<br>  然后向其中一台再次发起请求,com域的服务器发现是请求baidu.com这个域的,将这个域的NS记录返回;<br>  再向baidu.com这个域的权威服务器发送请求,发现有www这台主机,就把ip返回给客户端。 </p>
<h2 id="三、建立连接"><a href="#三、建立连接" class="headerlink" title="三、建立连接"></a>三、建立连接</h2><h3 id="emsp-emsp-1、三次握手"><a href="#emsp-emsp-1、三次握手" class="headerlink" title="  1、三次握手"></a>  1、三次握手</h3><p>  在应用层和传输层之间,有一个很重要的东西–套接字(Socket),可以把它理解为传输层向外暴露的一个编程接口,它由一个四元组(源IP地址、源端口号、目标IP地址、目标端口号)组成。TCP是面向连接的,在发送数据之前,客户端需要和服务器建立连接。建立的过程如下:<br>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/ /tcp1.png"><br>  第一次握手(SYN=1,Seq=X):<br>  1、客户端发送一个SYN标志位为1的包,表示建立连接<br>  2、设置初始序列号ISN,假如为 X,保存在包头的序列号(Sequence number)字段里<br>  第二次握手(SYN=1,Seq=Y,ACK=X+1):<br>  1、服务器返回确认包ACK应答,即SYN标志位和ACK标志位均为1<br>  2、设置序列号ISN=Y,保存在报头的序列号(Sequence number)字段里<br>  3、将确认序列号ACK设置为X+1<br>  第三次握手(SYN=0,Seq=X+1,ACK=Y+1):<br>  1、客户端返回确认包ACK,ACK标志位为1,SYN标志位为0<br>  2、设置序列号ISN=X+1,保存在包头的序列号(Sequence number)字段里<br>  3、将确认序列号ACK设置为Y+1<br>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/enter后发生了什么/tcp3.png"><br>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/enter后发生了什么/tcp2.png"> </p>
<h3 id="emsp-emsp-2、三次握手的必要性:"><a href="#emsp-emsp-2、三次握手的必要性:" class="headerlink" title="  2、三次握手的必要性:"></a>  2、三次握手的必要性:</h3><p>  两次握手不可靠。假如客户端发出的第一个请求报文段A没有丢失,而是因为网络原因滞留了。客户端认为A丢失了,又发了一个报文B给服务器,服务器收到请求,建立连接。两端通讯后,释放连接。之后,报文A到达服务器,服务器误以为是客户端的新的连接请求,向A发出确实报文段,同意建立连接。但是客户端拒绝连接,服务器就一直等待接受数据,浪费了许多资源。</p>
<h2 id="四、发送HTTP请求"><a href="#四、发送HTTP请求" class="headerlink" title="四、发送HTTP请求"></a>四、发送HTTP请求</h2><p>  请求在“三次握手”的“第三次握手”就发送出去了。HTTP报文是包裹在TCP报文中发出去的,服务器收到TCP报文时,会解包提取出HTTP报文,如果HTTP报文时明文,被截取会有信息泄露危险。因此,可以在HTTP报文进入TCP报文之前,对HTTP报文进行加密。HTTP协议的本质是HTTP+SSL/TLS。<br>  发送HTTP请求的过程就是构建HTTP请求报文并通过TCP协议发送到服务器指定端口(HTTP协议8080,https协议443)。<strong>HTTP请求报文包括三个部分:请求行,请求报头,请求正文。</strong> </p>
<p>  请求行格式:Method Request-URL HTTP-Version CRLF   eg: get index.html HTTP/1.1<br>  常用的方法:GET,POST,DELETE,PUT,HEAD,OPTIONS<br>  常见的请求报头:Accept,Accept-Encoding,Accept-Languange,Connection,Cookie,User-Agent<br>  请求正文:当使用post,put方法时,通常客户端需要向服务器传递数据,这些数据就在请求正文中。现在的Web一般采用rest风格,数据格式为json,需要设置Content-Type:application/json。 </p>
<h3 id="emsp-emsp-get和post区别"><a href="#emsp-emsp-get和post区别" class="headerlink" title="  get和post区别"></a>  get和post区别</h3><p>  <strong>从HTTP规范来看</strong>:<br>  发送机制不同,get用于从服务器获取数据,post用于向服务器提交数据。<br>  <strong>TCP数据包的不同</strong> :<br>  get产生一个TCP数据包;post产生两个TCP数据包。即对于get请求,浏览器把http header和data一起发送给服务器,服务器响应200(返回数据);对于post请求,浏览器先发送http header,服务器响应100,continue,浏览器发送data,服务器响应200。但是,并不是所有浏览器都会在post请求中发送两次包,Firefox就只发送一次。<br>  <strong>从表现来看</strong>:<br>  1、get请求的数据会附在url之后,以?号分割url和请求数据,请求数据的参数用&符号链接。post则是把请求数据放在请求正文中。<br>  2、HTTP没有对传输数据的大小进行限制,也没有对url长度进行限制。浏览器会对url长度进行限制,服务器会对get,post提交的数据进行限制,提交的数据过大,对服务器来说也是一种负担。<br>  3、post请求的安全性相对来说比get高一些,因为get请求是可以缓存和存在于浏览器历史记录中的,post请求也并非安全,截获数据包也可以获得数据。 </p>
<h2 id="五、服务器处理请求并返回HTTP报文"><a href="#五、服务器处理请求并返回HTTP报文" class="headerlink" title="五、服务器处理请求并返回HTTP报文"></a>五、服务器处理请求并返回HTTP报文</h2><p>  <strong>HTTP响应报文也包括三个部分:状态码,响应报头,响应报文。</strong> </p>
<h3 id="emsp-emsp-状态码由3位数字组成:"><a href="#emsp-emsp-状态码由3位数字组成:" class="headerlink" title="  状态码由3位数字组成:"></a>  状态码由3位数字组成:</h3><p>  1XX:指示信息-表示请求已接收,进一步处理<br>  2XX:成功-表示请求已被成功接收<br>  3XX:重定向-表示要完成请求需要进一步操作<br>  4XX:客户端错误-请求有语法错误或请求无法实现<br>  5XX:服务器端错误-服务器未能实现合法的请求<br>  600:表示服务器没有返回响应头部,只返回实体内容,也算做服务器错误状态码 </p>
<h3 id="emsp-emsp-常见状态码如下:"><a href="#emsp-emsp-常见状态码如下:" class="headerlink" title="  常见状态码如下:"></a>  常见状态码如下:</h3><p>  200:OK 表明请求被服务器正常处理,返回信息与请求方法有关<br>  204:No Content 表明请求被服务器正常处理,但是没有内容返回(就应该没有内容返回的状况)。浏览器向服务器发送请求后收到了204,那么浏览器页面不会发生更新。使用惯例是,在 PUT 请求中进行资源更新,但是不需要改变当前展示给用户的页面,那么返回 204 No Content。如果新创建了资源,那么返回 201 Created 。如果页面需要更新以反映更新后的资源,那么需要返回 200 。<br>  206:Partial Content 表明客户端进行了范围请求。客户端的请求中,必须包含range字段。服务器的响应报文中,必须包含Content-Range指定范围的实体内容。<br>  301:Moved Permanently永久性重定向。表示请求的资源已经移动到了由Location 头部指定的 URL 上,是永久性的,根据请求的不同有不同的处理方式:<br>    HEAD:必须在响应头部Location字段中指明新的永久性的URI。<br>    GET:除了有Location字段以外,还需要在响应体中附上永久性URI的超链接文本。<br>    POST:客户端在发送POST请求,受到301响应之后,不应该自动跳转URI,应当让用户确认跳转。<br>  302:Found临时性重定向。表示请求的资源被暂时的移动到了由Location 头部指定的 URL 上。<br>  304:Not Modified表示无需再次传输请求的内容,可以使用缓存的内容。如在GET 或HEAD 请求中附带了头部信息: If-None-Match 或If-Modified-Since。<br>  307:Temporary Redirect临时重定向。307 与 302 之间的唯一区别在于,当发送重定向请求的时候,307 状态码可以确保请求方法和消息主体不会发生变化。当响应状态码为 302 的时候,一些旧有的用户代理会错误地将请求方法转换为 GET。对于 GET 请求来说,两种情况没有区别。<br>  400:Bad Request表示该请求报文中存在语法错误,导致服务器无法理解该请求。客户端需要修改请求的内容后再次发送请求。<br>  401: Unauthorized该状态码表示发送的请求需要有通过HTTP认证(Basic认证,Digest认证)的认证信息。返回含有401的响应,必须在头部包含WWW-Authenticate以指明服务器需要哪种方式的认证。当客户端再次请求该资源的时候,需要在请求头中的Authorization包含认证信息。<br>  403:Forbidden 代表客户端错误,指的是服务器端有能力处理该请求,但是拒绝授权访问。如未获得文件系统的访问权限,访问权限出现某些问题,从未授权的发送源IP地址试图访问等情况都可能发生403响应。<br>  404: Not Found代表客户端错误,指的是服务器端无法找到所请求的资源。<br>  500 Internal Server Error该状态码表明服务器端在执行请求时发生了错误。也有可能是Web应用存在的BUG或某些临时的故障。<br>  503: Service Unavailable该状态码表明服务器暂时处于超负载或正在进行停机维护,现在无法处理请求。<br>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/enter后发生了什么/tcp4.png"> </p>
<h2 id="六、浏览器接收并处理响应"><a href="#六、浏览器接收并处理响应" class="headerlink" title="六、浏览器接收并处理响应"></a>六、浏览器接收并处理响应</h2><p>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/enter后发生了什么/tcp5.png"><br>  1、开始解析 html<br>  2、请求 css 和 js 资源<br>  3、解析 css,构造 CSSOM<br>  4、等到 CSSOM 构建完成,执行 js,停止 DOM 构建(CSSOM 构建阻塞 js 执行,JS阻塞页面加载)<br>  5、继续构建 DOM<br>  6、合并 DOM 和 CSSOM生成 Render Tree(渲染树)<br>  7、计算样式,确定元素位置,长宽,生成盒模型,进行布局<br>  8、绘制元素的样式,如颜色,阴影 </p>
<h2 id="七、关闭TCP连接或者继续保持连接"><a href="#七、关闭TCP连接或者继续保持连接" class="headerlink" title="七、关闭TCP连接或者继续保持连接"></a>七、关闭TCP连接或者继续保持连接</h2><p>  通过四次挥手关闭连接:<br>  <img src="/asset/img/javascript基础/enter后发生了什么/tcp6.png"><br>  为什么需要进行四次挥手?<br>  第一次挥手是浏览器发完数据后,发送FIN请求断开连接。第二次挥手是服务器发送ACK表示同意,如果在这一次服务器也发送FIN请求断开连接似乎也没有不妥,但考虑到服务器可能还有数据要发送,所以服务器发送FIN应该放在第三次挥手中。这样浏览器需要返回ACK表示同意,也就是第四次挥手。</p>
<p>【参考文章】<br>1、<a href="http://achuan.me/2017/03/01/20170301how-browser-works/" target="_blank" rel="external">在地址栏敲下回车之后都发生了什么?——浏览器工作原理浅析</a><br>2、<a href="https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/20667" target="_blank" rel="external">当你在浏览器地址栏输入一个URL后回车,将会发生的事情?</a><br>3、<a href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000006879700" target="_blank" rel="external">从输入URL到页面加载发生了什么</a><br>4、<a href="http://www.jianshu.com/p/71cf7f69eca8" target="_blank" rel="external">从输入 URL 到页面加载完成的过程中都发生了什么事情?</a><br>5、<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/34873227" target="_blank" rel="external">在浏览器地址栏输入一个URL后回车,背后会进行哪些技术步骤?</a><br>6、<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/23042131" target="_blank" rel="external">DNS解析的过程是什么,求详细的?–知乎</a><br>7、<a href="http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-28216282-id-3757849.html" target="_blank" rel="external">DNS解析过程详解</a><br>8、<a href="http://web.jobbole.com/86298/" target="_blank" rel="external">GET和POST有什么区别?及为什么网上多数答案都是错的</a><br>9、<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/hyddd/archive/2009/03/31/1426026.html" target="_blank" rel="external">浅谈HTTP中Get与Post的区别</a><br>10、<a href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008993003" target="_blank" rel="external">get和post的区别</a><br>11、<a href="http://blog.csdn.net/ahafg/article/details/51039584" target="_blank" rel="external">Wireshark-TCP协议分析(包结构以及连接的建立和释放)</a><br>12、<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/100" target="_blank" rel="external">HTTP状态码</a><br>13、<a href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000005338367" target="_blank" rel="external">「理解HTTP」之常见的状态码</a><br>14、<a href="http://developer.51cto.com/art/201612/524407.htm" target="_blank" rel="external">浅析渲染引擎与前端优化</a></p>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/23/html5新特性/">html5新特性</a>
</h1>
<a href="/2017/08/23/html5新特性/" class="archive-article-date">
<time datetime="2017-08-23T06:34:18.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2017-08-23</time>
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<h3 id="与HTML4的区别:"><a href="#与HTML4的区别:" class="headerlink" title="与HTML4的区别:"></a>与HTML4的区别:</h3><p>文档类型声明:<!DOCTYPE HTML> </p>
<h3 id="新增标签-元素:"><a href="#新增标签-元素:" class="headerlink" title="新增标签/元素:"></a>新增标签/元素:</h3><p>< header > < nav > < section > < article > < sidebar > < footer ><br>< video > < audio ><br>< mark ><br>< datalist > </p>
<h3 id="input元素的新类型:"><a href="#input元素的新类型:" class="headerlink" title="input元素的新类型:"></a>input元素的新类型:</h3><p>search、date 、email 、url、number、color、tel </p>
<h3 id="新的属性:"><a href="#新的属性:" class="headerlink" title="新的属性:"></a>新的属性:</h3><p>ping(用于a)、charset(用于meta)、async(用于script) </p>
<h3 id="新的全局属性:"><a href="#新的全局属性:" class="headerlink" title="新的全局属性:"></a>新的全局属性:</h3><p>contenteditable、draggable、hidden、data-*(自定义数据) </p>
<h3 id="移除元素:"><a href="#移除元素:" class="headerlink" title="移除元素:"></a>移除元素:</h3><p>< font >、< center >、< big > </p>
<h3 id="新的应用程序接口:"><a href="#新的应用程序接口:" class="headerlink" title="新的应用程序接口:"></a>新的应用程序接口:</h3><p>HTML LocalStorage<br>HTML Web Workers<br>HTML Canvas 游戏 </p>
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<h1 itemprop="name">
<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/22/懒加载/">懒加载</a>
</h1>
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<time datetime="2017-08-22T02:48:56.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2017-08-22</time>
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<p>  懒加载,是网页性能优化的一种方式,不是将所有的图片显示,而是优先显示可视区图片。当需要显示更多图片的时候再请求资源,避免打开网页时加载过多资源。</p>
<h2 id="懒加载原理"><a href="#懒加载原理" class="headerlink" title="懒加载原理"></a>懒加载原理</h2><p>不给img标签设置src属性,而是添加一个data-src属性,将图片的URL放入其中。</p>
<h2 id="实现"><a href="#实现" class="headerlink" title="实现"></a>实现</h2><p>比如:<a href="https://github.com/zhoukekestar/modules/blob/master/src/lazyload/lazyload.js" target="_blank" rel="external">lazyload.js</a>.<br>下面解读lazyload.js库。</p>
<h3 id="HTML结构"><a href="#HTML结构" class="headerlink" title="HTML结构"></a>HTML结构</h3><pre><code> <div id="container">
<div>
<img class="img1" alt="loading" data-src="img/image1.jpg">
</div>
<div>
<img class="img2" alt="loading" data-src="img/image2.jpg">
</div>
<div>
<img class="img3" alt="loading" data-src="img/image1.jpg">
</div>
<div>
<img class="img4" alt="loading" data-src="img/image2.jpg">
</div>
</div>
</code></pre>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/21/es6/">es6</a>
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<article id="post-js继承" class="article article-type-post article-index" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/20/js继承/">js继承</a>
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<time datetime="2017-08-20T05:08:56.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2017-08-20</time>
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<p>  较为常用的js继承有原型链继承、借用构造函数、组合式继承、继承组合式继承以及ES6继承。<br>
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<p>  js创建对象的方法:<br>  除了普通那个的对象字面量和new Object外,还有如下方法:<br>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2017/08/18/原型及原型链/">原型及原型链</a>
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<h2 id="一、创建对象"><a href="#一、创建对象" class="headerlink" title="一、创建对象"></a>一、创建对象</h2><p>1、对象字面量</p>
<pre><code>var obj = {a:1};
</code></pre><p>2、Object构造函数</p>
<pre><code>var obj= new Objcet({a:1});
</code></pre><p>  但是,一般采用对象字面量语法。<br>
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<p>  选择排序、快速排序、希尔排序、堆排序不是稳定的排序算法,<br>  冒泡排序、插入排序、归并排序和基数排序是稳定的排序算法。<br>
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<p>  javascript是一种解释型语言,不需要编译,边执行边解析。编译型语言是在执行之前将源代码编译成目标代码,不需要解释器,直接在目标代码的平台上运行。<br>
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<div class="tools-nav header-menu">
<ul style="width: 70%">
<li style="width: 33.333333333333336%" q-on="click: openSlider(e, 'innerArchive')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" q-class="active:innerArchive">所有文章</a></li>
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<i class="icon-close icon" q-show="search|isNotEmptyStr" q-on="click:clearChose(e)"></i>
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<div class="widget tagcloud search-tag">
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="js-tag color4">es6</a>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="js-tag color1">javascript</a>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="js-tag color2">lazyload.js</a>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="js-tag color3">算法</a>
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<p q-show="jsonFail" style="padding: 20px; font-size: 12px;">
缺失模块。<br/>1、在博客根目录(注意不是yilia根目录)执行以下命令:<br/> npm i hexo-generator-json-content --save<br/><br/>
2、在根目录_config.yml里添加配置:
<pre style="font-size: 12px;" q-show="jsonFail">
jsonContent:
meta: false
pages: false
posts:
title: true
date: true
path: true
text: true
raw: false
content: false
slug: false
updated: false
comments: false
link: false
permalink: false
excerpt: false
categories: false
tags: true
</pre>
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