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MANUAL.txt
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MANUAL.txt
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rclone(1) User Manual
Nick Craig-Wood
Mar 01, 2016
RCLONE
[Logo]
Rclone is a command line program to sync files and directories to and
from
- Google Drive
- Amazon S3
- Openstack Swift / Rackspace cloud files / Memset Memstore
- Dropbox
- Google Cloud Storage
- Amazon Cloud Drive
- Microsoft One Drive
- Hubic
- Backblaze B2
- Yandex Disk
- The local filesystem
Features
- MD5/SHA1 hashes checked at all times for file integrity
- Timestamps preserved on files
- Partial syncs supported on a whole file basis
- Copy mode to just copy new/changed files
- Sync (one way) mode to make a directory identical
- Check mode to check for file hash equality
- Can sync to and from network, eg two different cloud accounts
Links
- Home page
- Github project page for source and bug tracker
- Google+ page
- Downloads
Install
Rclone is a Go program and comes as a single binary file.
Download the relevant binary.
Or alternatively if you have Go installed use
go get github.com/ncw/rclone
and this will build the binary in $GOPATH/bin. If you have built rclone
before then you will want to update its dependencies first with this
(remove -f if using go < 1.4)
go get -u -v -f github.com/ncw/rclone/...
See the Usage section of the docs for how to use rclone, or run
rclone -h.
linux binary downloaded files install example
unzip rclone-v1.17-linux-amd64.zip
cd rclone-v1.17-linux-amd64
#copy binary file
sudo cp rclone /usr/sbin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/sbin/rclone
sudo chmod 755 /usr/sbin/rclone
#install manpage
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
sudo cp rclone.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
sudo mandb
Configure
First you'll need to configure rclone. As the object storage systems
have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file
.rclone.conf in your home directory by default. (You can use the
--config option to choose a different config file.)
The easiest way to make the config is to run rclone with the config
option:
rclone config
See the following for detailed instructions for
- Google drive
- Amazon S3
- Swift / Rackspace Cloudfiles / Memset Memstore
- Dropbox
- Google Cloud Storage
- Local filesystem
- Amazon Cloud Drive
- Backblaze B2
- Hubic
- Microsoft One Drive
- Yandex Disk
Usage
Rclone syncs a directory tree from one storage system to another.
Its syntax is like this
Syntax: [options] subcommand <parameters> <parameters...>
Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the
storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg "drive:myfolder"
to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.
You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.
Subcommands
rclone copy source:path dest:path
Copy the source to the destination. Doesn't transfer unchanged files,
testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Doesn't delete files
from the destination.
Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not
the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of
source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.
For example
rclone copy source:sourcepath dest:destpath
Let's say there are two files in sourcepath
sourcepath/one.txt
sourcepath/two.txt
This copies them to
destpath/one.txt
destpath/two.txt
Not to
destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
destpath/sourcepath/two.txt
If you are familiar with rsync, rclone always works as if you had
written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory".
This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the
source or destination.
rclone sync source:path dest:path
Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination only.
Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time
or MD5SUM. Destination is updated to match source, including deleting
files if necessary.
IMPORTANT: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run
flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.
Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any
errors at any point.
It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the
directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of
source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents. See
extended explanation in the copy command above if unsure.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.
move source:path dest:path
Moves the source to the destination.
If there are no filters in use this is equivalent to a copy followed by
a purge, but may using server side operations to speed it up if
possible.
If filters are in use then it is equivalent to a copy followed by
delete, followed by an rmdir (which only removes the directory if
empty). The individual file moves will be moved with srver side
operations if possible.
IMPORTANT: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run
flag.
rclone ls remote:path
List all the objects in the the path with size and path.
rclone lsd remote:path
List all directories/containers/buckets in the the path.
rclone lsl remote:path
List all the objects in the the path with modification time, size and
path.
rclone md5sum remote:path
Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the
same format as the standard md5sum tool produces.
rclone sha1sum remote:path
Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the
same format as the standard sha1sum tool produces.
rclone size remote:path
Prints the total size of objects in remote:path and the number of
objects.
rclone mkdir remote:path
Make the path if it doesn't already exist
rclone rmdir remote:path
Remove the path. Note that you can't remove a path with objects in it,
use purge for that.
rclone purge remote:path
Remove the path and all of its contents. Note that this does not obey
include/exclude filters - everything will be removed. Use delete if you
want to selectively delete files.
rclone delete remote:path
Remove the contents of path. Unlike purge it obeys include/exclude
filters so can be used to selectively delete files.
Eg delete all files bigger than 100MBytes
Check what would be deleted first (use either)
rclone --min-size 100M lsl remote:path
rclone --dry-run --min-size 100M delete remote:path
Then delete
rclone --min-size 100M delete remote:path
That reads "delete everything with a minimum size of 100 MB", hence
delete all files bigger than 100MBytes.
rclone check source:path dest:path
Checks the files in the source and destination match. It compares sizes
and MD5SUMs and prints a report of files which don't match. It doesn't
alter the source or destination.
rclone dedupe remote:path
Interactively find duplicate files and offer to delete all but one or
rename them to be different. Only useful with Google Drive which can
have duplicate file names.
$ rclone dedupe drive:dupes
2016/01/31 14:13:11 Google drive root 'dupes': Looking for duplicates
two.txt: Found 3 duplicates
1: 564374 bytes, 2016-01-31 14:07:22.159000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
2: 1744073 bytes, 2016-01-31 14:07:12.490000000, md5sum 851957f7fb6f0bc4ce76be966d336802
3: 6048320 bytes, 2016-01-31 14:07:02.111000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> r
two-1.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-2.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-3.txt: renamed from: two.txt
one.txt: Found 2 duplicates
1: 6579 bytes, 2016-01-31 14:05:01.235000000, md5sum 2b76c776249409d925ae7ccd49aea59b
2: 6579 bytes, 2016-01-31 12:50:30.318000000, md5sum 2b76c776249409d925ae7ccd49aea59b
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> k
Enter the number of the file to keep> 2
one.txt: Deleted 1 extra copies
The result being
$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
564374 2016-01-31 14:07:22.159000000 two-1.txt
1744073 2016-01-31 14:07:12.490000000 two-2.txt
6048320 2016-01-31 14:07:02.111000000 two-3.txt
6579 2016-01-31 12:50:30.318000000 one.txt
rclone config
Enter an interactive configuration session.
rclone help
Prints help on rclone commands and options.
Server Side Copy
Drive, S3, Dropbox, Swift and Google Cloud Storage support server side
copy.
This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't
download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server
to copy them in place.
Eg
rclone copy s3:oldbucket s3:newbucket
Will copy the contents of oldbucket to newbucket without downloading and
re-uploading.
Remotes which don't support server side copy (eg local) WILL download
and re-upload in this case.
Server side copies are used with sync and copy and will be identified in
the log when using the -v flag.
Server side copies will only be attempted if the remote names are the
same.
This can be used when scripting to make aged backups efficiently, eg
rclone sync remote:current-backup remote:previous-backup
rclone sync /path/to/files remote:current-backup
Options
Rclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.
Options which use TIME use the go time parser. A duration string is a
possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction
and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units
are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
Options which use SIZE use kByte by default. However a suffix of k for
kBytes, M for MBytes and G for GBytes may be used. These are the binary
units, eg 2**10, 2**20, 2**30 respectively.
--bwlimit=SIZE
Bandwidth limit in kBytes/s, or use suffix k|M|G. The default is 0 which
means to not limit bandwidth.
For example to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use --bwlimit 10M
This only limits the bandwidth of the data transfer, it doesn't limit
the bandwith of the directory listings etc.
--checkers=N
The number of checkers to run in parallel. Checkers do the equality
checking of files during a sync. For some storage systems (eg s3, swift,
dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are run in
parallel.
The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.
-c, --checksum
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see
if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check the file
hash and size to determine if files are equal.
This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time and
a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.
This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the
same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which
remotes support which hash type see the table in the overview section.
Eg rclone --checksum sync s3:/bucket swift:/bucket would run much
quicker than without the --checksum flag.
When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if they
are incorrect as it would normally.
--config=CONFIG_FILE
Specify the location of the rclone config file. Normally this is in your
home directory as a file called .rclone.conf. If you run rclone -h and
look at the help for the --config option you will see where the default
location is for you. Use this flag to override the config location, eg
rclone --config=".myconfig" .config.
--contimeout=TIME
Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which looks
like 5s for 5 seconds, 10m for 10 minutes, or 3h30m.
The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a
connection to go through to a remote object storage system. It is 1m by
default.
-n, --dry-run
Do a trial run with no permanent changes. Use this to see what rclone
would do without actually doing it. Useful when setting up the sync
command which deletes files in the destination.
--ignore-existing
Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files that
exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.
While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful in
cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot
correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.
--log-file=FILE
Log all of rclone's output to FILE. This is not active by default. This
can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in combination with
the -v flag.
--low-level-retries NUMBER
This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.
A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one
HTTP request. This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for example.
You will see low level retries in the log with the -v flag.
This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal operations,
however if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish to reduce the
value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the --retries flag)
quicker.
Disable low level retries with --low-level-retries 1.
--modify-window=TIME
When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum
allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered
equivalent.
The default is 1ns unless this is overridden by a remote. For example OS
X only stores modification times to the nearest second so if you are
reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be 1s by default.
This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.
--no-gzip-encoding
Don't set Accept-Encoding: gzip. This means that rclone won't ask the
server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set the
server to return files with Content-Encoding: gzip but you uploaded
compressed files.
There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will
decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.
-q, --quiet
Normally rclone outputs stats and a completion message. If you set this
flag it will make as little output as possible.
--retries int
Retry the entire sync if it fails this many times it fails (default 3).
Some remotes can be unreliable and a few retries helps pick up the files
which didn't get transferred because of errors.
Disable retries with --retries 1.
--size-only
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see
if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the
size.
This can be useful transferring files from dropbox which have been
modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of
modification times in the same way as rclone.
When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if they
are incorrect as it would normally.
--stats=TIME
Rclone will print stats at regular intervals to show its progress.
This sets the interval.
The default is 1m. Use 0 to disable.
--delete-(before,during,after)
This option allows you to specify when files on your destination are
deleted when you sync folders.
Specifying the value --delete-before will delete all files present on
the destination, but not on the source _before_ starting the transfer of
any new or updated files.
Specifying --delete-during (default value) will delete files while
checking and uploading files. This is usually the fastest option.
Specifying --delete-after will delay deletion of files until all
new/updated files have been successfully transfered.
--timeout=TIME
This sets the IO idle timeout. If a transfer has started but then
becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.
The default is 5m. Set to 0 to disable.
--transfers=N
The number of file transfers to run in parallel. It can sometimes be
useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot of
timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.
The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.
-u, --update
This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination and
have a modified time that is newer than the source file.
If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within
the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be
updated if the sizes are different.
On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will
be the uploaded time. This means that if uploading to one of these
remoes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and
have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the
source file.
This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support
mod times directly as it is more accurate than a --size-only check and
faster than using --checksum.
-v, --verbose
If you set this flag, rclone will become very verbose telling you about
every file it considers and transfers.
Very useful for debugging.
-V, --version
Prints the version number
Configuration Encryption
Your configuration file contains information for logging in to your
cloud services. This means that you should keep your .rclone.conf file
in a secure location.
If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can add a
password to your configuration. This means that you will have to enter
the password every time you start rclone.
To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute rclone config.
>rclone config
Current remotes:
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q>
Go into s, Set configuration password:
e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
a) Add Password
q) Quit to main menu
a/q> a
Enter NEW configuration password:
password>
Confirm NEW password:
password>
Password set
Your configuration is encrypted.
c) Change Password
u) Unencrypt configuration
q) Quit to main menu
c/u/q>
Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone you
will now be asked for the password. In the same menu you can change the
password or completely remove encryption from your configuration.
There is no way to recover the configuration if you lose your password.
rclone uses nacl secretbox which in term uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to
encrypt and authenticate your configuration with secret-key
cryptography. The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for
secretbox. The hashed password is not stored.
While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing your
encrypted rclone configuration in public, if it contains sensitive
information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.
If it is safe in your environment, you can set the RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS
environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be
used for decrypting the configuration.
If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable
password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter --ask-password=false to
rclone. This will make rclone fail instead of asking for a password, if
if RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS doesn't contain a valid password.
Developer options
These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone. There are
also some more remote specific options which aren't documented here
which are used for testing. These start with remote name eg
--drive-test-option - see the docs for the remote in question.
--cpuprofile=FILE
Write CPU profile to file. This can be analysed with go tool pprof.
--dump-bodies
Dump HTTP headers and bodies - may contain sensitive info. Can be very
verbose. Useful for debugging only.
--dump-filters
Dump the filters to the output. Useful to see exactly what include and
exclude options are filtering on.
--dump-headers
Dump HTTP headers - may contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose.
Useful for debugging only.
--memprofile=FILE
Write memory profile to file. This can be analysed with go tool pprof.
--no-check-certificate=true/false
--no-check-certificate controls whether a client verifies the server's
certificate chain and host name. If --no-check-certificate is true, TLS
accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in
that certificate. In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle
attacks.
This option defaults to false.
THIS SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR TESTING.
Filtering
For the filtering options
- --delete-excluded
- --filter
- --filter-from
- --exclude
- --exclude-from
- --include
- --include-from
- --files-from
- --min-size
- --max-size
- --min-age
- --max-age
- --dump-filters
See the filtering section.
Exit Code
If any errors occurred during the command, rclone will set a non zero
exit code. This allows scripts to detect when rclone operations have
failed.
CONFIGURING RCLONE ON A REMOTE / HEADLESS MACHINE
Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an Internet
connected web browser.
If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no
browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then you
will need to use an alternative means of configuration. There are two
ways of doing it, described below.
Configuring using rclone authorize
On the headless box
...
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
Execute the following on your machine:
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
Then paste the result below:
result>
Then on your main desktop machine
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
SECRET_TOKEN
<---End paste
Then back to the headless box, paste in the code
result> SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
[acd12]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d>
Configuring by copying the config file
Rclone stores all of its config in a single configuration file. This can
easily be copied to configure a remote rclone.
So first configure rclone on your desktop machine
rclone config
to set up the config file.
Find the config file by running rclone -h and looking for the help for
the --config option
$ rclone -h
[snip]
--config="/home/user/.rclone.conf": Config file.
[snip]
Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and
place it in the correct place (use rclone -h on the remote box to find
out where).
FILTERING, INCLUDES AND EXCLUDES
Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of
these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.
The filters are applied for the copy, sync, move, ls, lsl, md5sum,
sha1sum, size, delete and check operations. Note that purge does not
obey the filters.
Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include and
exclude rules like --include, --exclude, --include-from, --exclude-from,
--filter, or --filter-from. The simplest way to try them out is using
the ls command, or --dry-run together with -v.
Patterns
The patterns used to match files for inclusion or exclusion are based on
"file globs" as used by the unix shell.
If the pattern starts with a / then it only matches at the top level of
the directory tree, relative to the root of the remote. If it doesn't
start with / then it is matched starting at the END OF THE PATH, but it
will only match a complete path element:
file.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/afile.jpg"
/file.jpg - matches "file.jpg" in the root directory of the remote
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
A * matches anything but not a /.
*.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "file.jpg/something"
Use ** to match anything, including slashes (/).
dir/** - matches "dir/file.jpg"
- matches "dir/dir1/dir2/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"
A ? matches any character except a slash /.
l?ss - matches "less"
- matches "lass"
- doesn't match "floss"
A [ and ] together make a a character class, such as [a-z] or [aeiou] or
[[:alpha:]]. See the go regexp docs for more info on these.
h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
- matches "hallo"
- doesn't match "hullo"
A { and } define a choice between elements. It should contain a comma
seperated list of patterns, any of which might match. These patterns can
contain wildcards.
{one,two}_potato - matches "one_potato"
- matches "two_potato"
- doesn't match "three_potato"
- doesn't match "_potato"
Special characters can be escaped with a \ before them.
\*.jpg - matches "*.jpg"
\\.jpg - matches "\.jpg"
\[one\].jpg - matches "[one].jpg"
Differences between rsync and rclone patterns
Rclone implements bash style {a,b,c} glob matching which rsync doesn't.
Rclone ignores / at the end of a pattern.
Rclone always does a wildcard match so \ must always escape a \.
How the rules are used
Rclone maintains a list of include rules and exclude rules.
Each file is matched in order against the list until it finds a match.
The file is then included or excluded according to the rule type.
If the matcher falls off the bottom of the list then the path is
included.
For example given the following rules, + being include, - being exclude,
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
- *
This would include
- file1.jpg
- file3.png
- file2.avi
This would exclude
- secret17.jpg
- non *.jpg and *.png
Adding filtering rules
Filtering rules are added with the following command line flags.
--exclude - Exclude files matching pattern
Add a single exclude rule with --exclude.
Eg --exclude *.bak to exclude all bak files from the sync.
--exclude-from - Read exclude patterns from file
Add exclude rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this exclude-file.txt
# a sample exclude rule file
*.bak
file2.jpg
Then use as --exclude-from exclude-file.txt. This will sync all files
except those ending in bak and file2.jpg.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
--include - Include files matching pattern
Add a single include rule with --include.
Eg --include *.{png,jpg} to include all png and jpg files in the backup
and no others.
This adds an implicit --exclude * at the very end of the filter list.
This means you can mix --include and --include-from with the other
filters (eg --exclude) but you must include all the files you want in
the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then
you must use --filter-from.
--include-from - Read include patterns from file
Add include rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this include-file.txt
# a sample include rule file
*.jpg
*.png
file2.avi
Then use as --include-from include-file.txt. This will sync all jpg, png
files and file2.avi.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
This adds an implicit --exclude * at the very end of the filter list.
This means you can mix --include and --include-from with the other
filters (eg --exclude) but you must include all the files you want in
the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then
you must use --filter-from.
--filter - Add a file-filtering rule
This can be used to add a single include or exclude rule. Include rules
start with + and exclude rules start with -. A special rule called ! can
be used to clear the existing rules.
Eg --filter "- *.bak" to exclude all bak files from the sync.
--filter-from - Read filtering patterns from a file
Add include/exclude rules from a file.
Prepare a file like this filter-file.txt
# a sample exclude rule file
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
# exclude everything else
- *
Then use as --filter-from filter-file.txt. The rules are processed in
the order that they are defined.
This example will include all jpg and png files, exclude any files
matching secret*.jpg and include file2.avi. Everything else will be
excluded from the sync.
--files-from - Read list of source-file names
This reads a list of file names from the file passed in and ONLY these
files are transferred. The filtering rules are ignored completely if you
use this option.
Prepare a file like this files-from.txt
# comment
file1.jpg
file2.jpg
Then use as --files-from files-from.txt. This will only transfer
file1.jpg and file2.jpg providing they exist.