diff --git a/doc/whats-new.rst b/doc/whats-new.rst
index 82842430b53..9fc1b0ba80a 100644
--- a/doc/whats-new.rst
+++ b/doc/whats-new.rst
@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@ New Features
 Breaking changes
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
+- Explicitly warn when creating xarray objects with repeated dimension names.
+  Such objects will also now raise when :py:meth:`DataArray.get_axis_num` is called,
+  which means many functions will raise.
+  This latter change is technically a breaking change, but whilst allowed,
+  this behaviour was never actually supported! (:issue:`3731`, :pull:`8491`)
+  By `Tom Nicholas <https://github.com/TomNicholas>`_.
 
 Deprecations
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
diff --git a/xarray/core/common.py b/xarray/core/common.py
index cb5b79defc0..cebd8f2a95b 100644
--- a/xarray/core/common.py
+++ b/xarray/core/common.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     emit_user_level_warning,
     is_scalar,
 )
+from xarray.namedarray.core import _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions
 
 try:
     import cftime
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ def get_axis_num(self, dim: Hashable | Iterable[Hashable]) -> int | tuple[int, .
             return self._get_axis_num(dim)
 
     def _get_axis_num(self: Any, dim: Hashable) -> int:
+        _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions(self.dims)
         try:
             return self.dims.index(dim)
         except ValueError:
diff --git a/xarray/core/variable.py b/xarray/core/variable.py
index 39a947e6264..d9102dc9e0a 100644
--- a/xarray/core/variable.py
+++ b/xarray/core/variable.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
     is_duck_array,
     maybe_coerce_to_str,
 )
-from xarray.namedarray.core import NamedArray
+from xarray.namedarray.core import NamedArray, _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions
 
 NON_NUMPY_SUPPORTED_ARRAY_TYPES = (
     indexing.ExplicitlyIndexed,
@@ -2876,11 +2876,8 @@ def _unified_dims(variables):
     all_dims = {}
     for var in variables:
         var_dims = var.dims
-        if len(set(var_dims)) < len(var_dims):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "broadcasting cannot handle duplicate "
-                f"dimensions: {list(var_dims)!r}"
-            )
+        _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions(var_dims, err_context="Broadcasting")
+
         for d, s in zip(var_dims, var.shape):
             if d not in all_dims:
                 all_dims[d] = s
diff --git a/xarray/namedarray/core.py b/xarray/namedarray/core.py
index d3fcffcfd9e..002afe96358 100644
--- a/xarray/namedarray/core.py
+++ b/xarray/namedarray/core.py
@@ -481,6 +481,15 @@ def _parse_dimensions(self, dims: _DimsLike) -> _Dims:
                 f"dimensions {dims} must have the same length as the "
                 f"number of data dimensions, ndim={self.ndim}"
             )
+        if len(set(dims)) < len(dims):
+            repeated_dims = set([d for d in dims if dims.count(d) > 1])
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"Duplicate dimension names present: dimensions {repeated_dims} appear more than once in dims={dims}. "
+                "We do not yet support duplicate dimension names, but we do allow initial construction of the object. "
+                "We recommend you rename the dims immediately to become distinct, as most xarray functionality is likely to fail silently if you do not. "
+                "To rename the dimensions you will need to set the ``.dims`` attribute of each variable, ``e.g. var.dims=('x0', 'x1')``.",
+                UserWarning,
+            )
         return dims
 
     @property
@@ -651,6 +660,7 @@ def get_axis_num(self, dim: Hashable | Iterable[Hashable]) -> int | tuple[int, .
             return self._get_axis_num(dim)
 
     def _get_axis_num(self: Any, dim: Hashable) -> int:
+        _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions(self.dims)
         try:
             return self.dims.index(dim)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
         except ValueError:
@@ -846,3 +856,13 @@ def _to_dense(self) -> NamedArray[Any, _DType_co]:
 
 
 _NamedArray = NamedArray[Any, np.dtype[_ScalarType_co]]
+
+
+def _raise_if_any_duplicate_dimensions(
+    dims: _Dims, err_context: str = "This function"
+) -> None:
+    if len(set(dims)) < len(dims):
+        repeated_dims = set([d for d in dims if dims.count(d) > 1])
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{err_context} cannot handle duplicate dimensions, but dimensions {repeated_dims} appear more than once on this object's dims: {dims}"
+        )
diff --git a/xarray/tests/test_backends.py b/xarray/tests/test_backends.py
index 0704dd835c0..8c5f2f8b98a 100644
--- a/xarray/tests/test_backends.py
+++ b/xarray/tests/test_backends.py
@@ -3464,6 +3464,7 @@ class TestH5NetCDFDataRos3Driver(TestCommon):
         "https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/examples/OMI-Aura_L2-example.nc"
     )
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Duplicate dimension names")
     def test_get_variable_list(self) -> None:
         with open_dataset(
             self.test_remote_dataset,
@@ -3472,6 +3473,7 @@ def test_get_variable_list(self) -> None:
         ) as actual:
             assert "Temperature" in list(actual)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Duplicate dimension names")
     def test_get_variable_list_empty_driver_kwds(self) -> None:
         driver_kwds = {
             "secret_id": b"",
diff --git a/xarray/tests/test_namedarray.py b/xarray/tests/test_namedarray.py
index fcdf063d106..deeb5ce753a 100644
--- a/xarray/tests/test_namedarray.py
+++ b/xarray/tests/test_namedarray.py
@@ -475,3 +475,7 @@ def _new(
         var_float2: Variable[Any, np.dtype[np.float32]]
         var_float2 = var_float._replace(("x",), np_val2)
         assert var_float2.dtype == dtype_float
+
+    def test_warn_on_repeated_dimension_names(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Duplicate dimension names"):
+            NamedArray(("x", "x"), np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2))