[infer] Allow fetching the raw request

[iwahbe]

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Issue details

Infer helpfully encapsulates much of the complexity of building a Pulumi provider, but sometimes it would be helpful to peek at that encapsulated information. We should add a function like:

// package infer
func GetRawRequest[T provider.Request](context.Context) T

// package provider (top level)
type Request interface {
    GetSchemaRequest | CheckRequest | DiffRequest | ConfigureRequest | ...
}

This would allow providers to access the raw inputs that infer is working from, directly check if a property is computed or secret, etc.

Affected area/feature