diff --git a/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/3d_quarter_wavelength_antenna_nres_16.mp4 b/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/3d_quarter_wavelength_antenna_nres_16.mp4
index 61624c5..68d80d5 100644
Binary files a/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/3d_quarter_wavelength_antenna_nres_16.mp4 and b/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/3d_quarter_wavelength_antenna_nres_16.mp4 differ
diff --git a/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/[simulation]_3d_dipole_antenna.jl b/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/[simulation]_3d_dipole_antenna.jl
index 361b2e6..fea1f62 100644
--- a/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/[simulation]_3d_dipole_antenna.jl
+++ b/examples/3d_dipole_antenna/[simulation]_3d_dipole_antenna.jl
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ dir = pwd()
 include("$(dir)/src/main.jl")
 include("$dir/../FDTDToolkit.jl/src/main.jl")
 
+dogpu = true
+# dogpu = false
+
 name = "3d_quarter_wavelength_antenna"
 T = 8.0f0 # simulation duration in [periods]
 nx = 16
@@ -37,17 +40,26 @@ p = apply(geometry_splits; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
 t = 0:dt:T
 u = [[similar.(a) for a = u0] for t = t]
 u[1] = u0
+if dogpu# &&
+    using CUDA, Flux
+    @assert CUDA.functional()
+    u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances = gpu.((u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances))
+end
+
 @showtime reduce(
     (u, (u1, t)) -> step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
-    zip(u[2:end], t[1:end-1]),
-    init=u0)
-y = hcat([power.((m,), u) for m = monitor_instances]...)
+    zip(u[2:end], t[2:end]),
+    init=u[1])
+y = [power.((m,), u) for m = monitor_instances]
 
+if dogpu# &&
+    u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances = cpu.((u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances))
+end
 Ez = map(u) do u
     u[1][3]
 end
 dir = @__DIR__
-@showtime recordsim("$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", Ez, y;
+recordsim("$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", collect.(Ez), collect.(y);
     dt,
     monitor_instances,
     source_instances,
diff --git a/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_periodic_scattering.jl b/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_periodic_scattering.jl
index 3e1965d..a27ced7 100644
--- a/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_periodic_scattering.jl
+++ b/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_periodic_scattering.jl
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ using UnPack, LinearAlgebra, GLMakie
 # using FDTDEngine,FDTDToolkit
 dir = pwd()
 include("$(dir)/src/main.jl")
+include("$(dir)/scripts/startup.jl")
 include("$dir/../FDTDToolkit.jl/src/main.jl")
 
+dogpu = true
+# dogpu = false
 
 name = "3d_scattering"
 T = 8.0f0 # simulation duration in [periods]
@@ -46,20 +49,34 @@ p = apply(geometry_splits; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
 t = 0:dt:T
 u = [[similar.(a) for a = u0] for t = t]
 u[1] = u0
-@showtime reduce(
-    (u, (u1, t)) -> step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
-    zip(u[2:end], t[1:end-1]),
+
+if dogpu# &&
+    using CUDA, Flux
+    @assert CUDA.functional()
+    u, u0, p, t, field_padding, source_instances = gpu.((u, u0, p, t, field_padding, source_instances))
+end
+
+# @showtime reduce(
+#     (u, (u1, t)) -> step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
+#     zip(u[2:end], t[1:end-1]),
+#     init=u[1])
+@showtime u = accumulate(
+    (u, t) -> step!(deepcopy(u), p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
+    t,
     init=u0)
-y = hcat([power.((m,), u) for m = monitor_instances]...)
+y = [power.((m,), u) for m = monitor_instances]
 
 # make movie
+if dogpu# &&
+    u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances = cpu.((u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances))
+end
 Ez = map(u) do u
     u[1][3]
 end
 ϵz = p[1][3]
 dir = @__DIR__
-
-recordsim("$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", Ez, y;
+# error()
+recordsim("$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", collect.(Ez), collect.(y);
     dt,
     monitor_instances,
     source_instances,
diff --git a/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_scattering_nres_16.mp4 b/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_scattering_nres_16.mp4
index ff88763..cc7b0ba 100644
Binary files a/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_scattering_nres_16.mp4 and b/examples/3d_periodic_scattering/3d_scattering_nres_16.mp4 differ
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter copy.jl b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter copy.jl
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a341f1..0000000
--- a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter copy.jl	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,237 +0,0 @@
-using UnPack, LinearAlgebra, Random, StatsBase, Interpolations, Zygote, Jello, Flux
-using Flux: mae, Adam
-using Zygote: withgradient, Buffer, bufferfrom
-using BSON: @save, @load
-using Optim: Options, minimizer
-using Optim
-
-using GLMakie
-dir = pwd()
-include("$dir/src/main.jl")
-include("$dir/../FDTDToolkit.jl/src/main.jl")
-include("$dir/scripts/startup.jl")
-
-# dir = "FDTDEngine.jl"
-# using FDTDEngine,FDTDToolkit
-
-
-
-F = Float32
-Random.seed!(1)
-
-"training params"
-name = "silicon_photonics_splitter"
-nx = 16
-T = 18.0f0 # simulation duration in [periods]
-nbasis = 4 # complexity of design region
-Courant = 1.5 * 0.7 / √3# Courant number
-C = 1000 # scale loss
-λ = 1.55f0
-λ2 = 1.3f0
-nepochs = 16
-ω2 = λ / λ2
-
-"geometry"
-# loads design layout
-include("layout.jl")
-@unpack wwg, hwg, lwg, ld, hclad, hbox, l, w, h, wm, c, base, sources, ports, designs, dx = layout
-ϵbox = ϵclad = ϵslab = 2.25f0
-ϵcore = 12.25f0
-
-ϵ = sandwich(base, round.(Int, [hbox, hwg, hclad] / dx), [ϵbox, ϵcore, ϵclad])
-sz0 = size(ϵ)
-
-"boundaries"
-boundaries = [] # unspecified boundaries default to PML
-
-"monitors"
-z = [hbox, hbox + hwg]
-n = [1, 0, 0]
-monitors = [Monitor([x, y, z], n) for (x, y) = ports]
-ox, oy, = c
-oz = hbox
-append!(monitors, [
-    Monitor([ox, [oy, oy + ld], [oz, oz + hwg]], [-1, 0, 0]),
-    Monitor([ox + ld, [oy, oy + ld], [oz, oz + hwg]], [1, 0, 0]),
-    Monitor([[ox, ox + ld], oy, [oz, oz + hwg]], [0, -1, 0]),
-    Monitor([[ox, ox + ld], oy + ld, [oz, oz + hwg]], [0, 1, 0]),
-    Monitor([[ox, ox + ld], [oy, oy + ld], oz], [0, 0, -1]),
-    Monitor([[ox, ox + ld], [oy, oy + ld], oz + hwg], [0, 0, 1]),
-])
-
-"sources"
-
-@load "$(@__DIR__)/mode.bson" mode
-@unpack Ex, Ey, Ez, bounds = mode
-f32(x::Real) = Float32(x)
-f32(x::AbstractArray) = f32.(x)
-bounds = f32(bounds)
-bounds /= λ
-_dx = mode.dx / λ
-Ex, Ey, Ez = [Ex, Ey, Ez] / maximum(maximum.(abs, [Ex, Ey, Ez]))
-sy, sz = size.((Ex,), (1, 2))
-y = range(F.(bounds[1])..., sy)
-z = range(F.(bounds[2])..., sz)
-
-f1 = t -> cos(F(2π) * t)
-f2 = t -> cos(F(2π) * t * λ / λ2)
-gEx = LinearInterpolation((y, z), F.(Ez))
-gEy = LinearInterpolation((y, z), F.(Ex))
-gEz = LinearInterpolation((y, z), F.(Ey))
-c = [sources[1]..., hbox]
-bounds = [0, bounds...]
-sources = [
-    Source(t -> f1(t) + f2(t), c, bounds;
-        Jx=(x, y, z) -> gEx(y, z),
-        Jy=(x, y, z) -> gEy(y, z),
-        Jz=(x, y, z) -> gEz(y, z),
-    ),
-]
-
-configs = setup(boundaries, sources, monitors, dx, sz0; F, Courant, T)
-@unpack μ, σ, σm, dt, geometry_padding, geometry_splits, field_padding, source_instances, monitor_instances, u0, power = configs
-
-
-
-function make_geometry(model, μ, σ, σm)
-
-    b = place(base, model(), round.(Int, c / dx) .+ 1)
-    ϵ = sandwich(b, round.(Int, [hbox, hwg, hclad] / dx), [ϵbox, ϵcore, ϵclad])
-    ϵ, μ, σ, σm = apply(geometry_padding; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
-    p = apply(geometry_splits; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
-end
-
-
-# run pre or post optimization simulation and save movie
-function savesim(sol, p, name=name)
-    E = map(sol) do u
-        # sqrt(sum(u) do u u.^2 end)
-        # u[1] .^ 2
-        u[1]
-    end
-    dir = @__DIR__
-    recordsim(E, p[1][1], configs, "$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", title="$name"; playback=1, bipolar=false)
-end
-function monitor_powers(model, T=T; bufferfrom=bufferfrom)
-    p = make_geometry(model, μ, σ, σm)
-    # run simulation
-    u = reduce((u, t) -> step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances; bufferfrom), 0:dt:T-1, init=deepcopy(u0))
-    reduce(((u, pow), t) -> (step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances; bufferfrom), begin
-            y = power.(monitor_instances, (u,))
-            pow + dt * vcat(
-                cispi(2t) * y, cispi(2t * ω2) * y)
-        end),
-        T-1+dt:dt:T, init=(u, zeros(ComplexF32, 2length(monitor_instances))))[2]
-end
-
-function loss(p)
-    p = abs.(p)
-    dot([-1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1], p[2:9]) + dot([1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1], p[11:18])
-end
-
-"geometry generator model"
-contrast = 10.0f0
-nbasis = 4
-model = Mask(round.(Int, (ld, ld) ./ dx), nbasis, contrast)#, symmetries=2)
-model0 = deepcopy(model)
-
-
-tp = abs(monitor_powers(model, 2)[1])
-p0 = make_geometry(model0, μ, σ, σm)
-# volume(p0[3][1])
-
-"Optim functions"
-x0, re = destructure(model)
-f_ = loss ∘ monitor_powers
-f = f_ ∘ re
-function g!(storage, x)
-    model = re(x)
-    g, = gradient(f_, model)
-    storage .= realvec(g.a)
-end
-function fg!(storage, x)
-    model = re(x)
-    l, (g,) = withgradient(f_, model)
-    storage .= realvec(g.a)
-    l
-end
-x = copy(x0)
-@show f(x)
-# @show x|>re|>monitor_powers
-# train surrogate
-Random.seed!(1)
-runs = []
-function f!(x)
-    @time begin
-        model = re(x)
-        mp = monitor_powers(model)
-        l = loss(mp)
-        push!(runs, (x0, mp, l))
-        l
-    end
-end
-
-@showtime res = optimize(f!, x0, ParticleSwarm(;
-        n_particles=16), Optim.Options(f_tol=0, iterations=44, show_every=1, show_trace=true))
-xgf = minimizer(res)
-
-# error()
-X = Base.stack(getindex.(runs, 1))
-Y = Base.stack(getindex.(runs, 2))
-
-nl = leakyrelu
-n = size(X, 1)
-m, N = size(Y)
-nn = Chain(Dense(n, 2n, nl), Dense(2n, 4n, nl), Dense(4n, m))
-
-opt = Adam(0.1)
-opt_state = Flux.setup(opt, nn)
-n = 100
-for i = 1:n
-    l, (dldm,) = withgradient(nn -> Flux.mae(Y, nn(X)), nn)
-    Flux.update!(opt_state, nn, dldm)
-    (i % 25 == 0 || i == n) && println("$i $l")
-end
-
-opt = Adam(0.1)
-x = copy(xgf)
-opt_state = Flux.setup(opt, x)
-n = 100
-@show f(x)
-for i = 1:n
-    l, (dldm,) = withgradient(x -> mae(nn(x),
-            [tp / 2, tp / 2, 0, -tp / 2, tp / 2, zeros(F, 4)...,
-                tp / 2, 0, tp / 2, -tp / 2, tp / 2, zeros(F, 4)...,]), x)
-    Flux.update!(opt_state, x, dldm)
-    (i % 25 == 0 || i == n) && println("$i $l")
-end
-@show loss(nn(x))
-@show f(x)
-xsg = x
-x = copy(xsg)
-
-# runsavesim(model0)
-# loss(model)
-# # volume(p[1][1])
-
-# @showtime sol = accumulate((u, t) -> step(u, p, t, field_padding, source_instances), 0:dt:T, init=u0)
-
-
-# od = OnceDifferentiable(f, g!, fg!, x0)
-# @showtime res = optimize(od, x0, LBFGS(), Optim.Options(f_tol=0, iterations=1, show_every=1, show_trace=true))
-# x_adjoint = re(minimizer(res))
-
-model = re(x)
-p = make_geometry(model, μ, σ, σm)
-t = 0:dt:T
-sol = similar([u0], length(t))
-@showtime sol = accumulate!((u, t) -> step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances), sol, t, init=u0)
-
-# make movie
-Ez = map(sol) do u
-    u[3]
-end
-ϵz = p[1][3]
-dir = @__DIR__
-° = π / 180
-recordsim(Ez, ϵz, configs, "$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", title="$name"; elevation=60°, playback=1, bipolar=true)
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter.jl b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter.jl
index 27841aa..003f553 100644
--- a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter.jl
+++ b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter.jl
@@ -15,19 +15,26 @@ include("$dir/scripts/startup.jl")
 # using FDTDEngine,FDTDToolkit
 
 F = Float32
+dogpu = true
+# dogpu = false
+if dogpu# &&
+    using CUDA, Flux
+    @assert CUDA.functional()
+end
 Random.seed!(1)
 
 "training params"
 name = "silicon_photonics_splitter"
-nx = 16
+nx = 24
 T = 18.0f0 # simulation duration in [periods]
 nbasis = 4 # complexity of design region
-ϵmin = 1.5
+ϵmin = 2.26
 λ = 1.55f0 # wavelength [um]
 
 # loads design layout
 @load "$(@__DIR__)/layout.bson" layout
 @unpack wwg, base, sources, ports, designs, dx, = layout
+base = F.(base)
 hcore = 0.22f0 / λ
 hclad = hsub = 0.2f0 / λ
 ϵsub = ϵclad = 2.25f0
@@ -37,8 +44,7 @@ sz0 = size(ϵdummy)
 
 "geometry generator model"
 contrast = 10.0f0
-nbasis = 4
-model = Mask(round.(Int, designs[1].L / dx), nbasis, contrast)
+model = Mask(round.(Int, designs[1].L / dx) .+ 1, nbasis, contrast)
 model0 = deepcopy(model)
 
 "boundaries"
@@ -81,45 +87,48 @@ sources = [
 configs = setup(boundaries, sources, monitors, dx, sz0; ϵmin, T)
 @unpack μ, σ, σm, dt, geometry_padding, geometry_splits, field_padding, source_instances, monitor_instances, u0, = configs
 nt = round(Int, 1 / dt)
+
+t = 0:dt:T
+y0 = zeros(F, length(monitor_instances))
+if dogpu# &&
+    u0, model, base, μ, σ, σm, t, field_padding, source_instances =#, monitor_instances =
+        gpu.((u0, model, base, μ, σ, σm, t, field_padding, source_instances))#, monitor_instances))
+end
+
 function make_geometry(model, base, μ, σ, σm)
-    base = place!(F.(base), model(), round.(Int, designs[1].o / dx) .+ 1)
-    ϵ = sandwich(base, round.(Int, [hsub, hcore, hclad] / dx), [ϵsub, ϵcore, ϵclad])
+    base_ = Buffer(base)
+    base_[:, :] = base
+    place!(base_, model(), round.(Int, designs[1].o / dx) .+ 1)
+
+    ϵ = sandwich(copy(base_), round.(Int, [hsub, hcore, hclad] / dx), [ϵsub, ϵcore, ϵclad])
     ϵ, μ, σ, σm = apply(geometry_padding; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
     p = apply(geometry_splits; ϵ, μ, σ, σm)
 end
-p0 = make_geometry(model0, base, μ, σ, σm)
-# volume(p0[1][3])
 
-function metrics(model, T=T;)
+function metrics(model;)
     p = make_geometry(model, base, μ, σ, σm)
     # run simulation
-    # u = reduce((u, t) -> step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances;), 0:dt:T-1, init=deepcopy(u0))
-    # y = reduce(((u, y), t) -> (
-    #         step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
-    #         y + dt * power.(monitor_instances, (u,))
-    #     ),
-    #     T-1+dt:dt:T,
-    #     init=(u, zeros(F, length(monitor_instances))))[2]
-    t = 0:dt:T
-    u = [i == 1 ? u0 : [similar.(a) for a = u0] for (i, t) = enumerate(t)]
-    reduce(
-        (u, (u1, t)) -> step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
-        zip(u[2:end], t[1:end-1]),
-        init=u0)
-    sum(u[end-nt+1:end]) do u
-        dt * power.(monitor_instances, (u,))
-    end
-end
-tp = abs(metrics(model, 2)[1]) # total power
+    u = reduce((u, t) -> step(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances;), 0:dt:T-1, init=u0)
+    y = reduce(
+        ((u, y), t) -> (
+            step(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
+            y + dt * power.(monitor_instances, (u,))),
+        T-1+dt:dt:T,
+        init=(u, y0))[2]
 
+end
 function loss(y)
     dot([0, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1], y) +
     abs(y[2] - y[3])
 end
 
+tp = abs(metrics(model)[1]) # total power
+p0 = make_geometry(model0, base, μ, σ, σm)
+# volume(p0[1][3])
+
 "Optim functions"
 x0, re = destructure(model)
-f_ = loss ∘ metrics
+f_ = m -> loss(metrics(m))
 f = f_ ∘ re
 x = deepcopy(x0)
 @show f(x)
@@ -128,30 +137,51 @@ x = deepcopy(x0)
 opt = Adam(0.2)
 m = re(x)
 opt_state = Flux.setup(opt, m)
-n = 2
+n = 12
 for i = 1:n
-    @time l, (dldm,) = withgradient(m -> loss(metrics(m;)), m)
+    @time l, (dldm,) = withgradient(m -> loss(metrics(m)), m)
     Flux.update!(opt_state, m, dldm)
     println("$i $l")
 end
 # x_adjoint = re(minimizer(res))
 
-function runsave(x)
-    model = re(x)
-    p = make_geometry(model, base, μ, σ, σm)
-    t = 0:dt:T
-    sol = similar([u0], length(t))
-    @showtime sol = accumulate!((u, t) -> step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances), sol, t, init=u0)
+# move to cpu for plotting
+if dogpu
+    u0, model, base, μ, σ, σm, t, field_padding, source_instances =#, monitor_instances =
+        cpu.((u0, model, base, μ, σ, σm, t, field_padding, source_instances))#, monitor_instances))
+end
+
+p = make_geometry(m, base, μ, σ, σm)
+volume(cpu(p[1][3]))
 
-    # make movie
-    Ez = map(sol) do u
+function runsave(x)
+    m = re(x)
+    p = make_geometry(m, base, μ, σ, σm)
+    @showtime u = accumulate((u, t) ->
+            step!(deepcopy(u), p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances),
+        t, init=u0)
+
+    global source_instances
+    if dogpu
+        u, p, source_instances = cpu.((u, p, source_instances))
+    end
+    Ez = map(u) do u
         u[1][3]
     end
     ϵz = p[1][3]
     dir = @__DIR__
-    ° = π / 180
-    recordsim(Ez, ϵz, configs, "$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", title="$name"; elevation=60°, playback=1, bipolar=true)
+    # error()
+    recordsim("$dir/$(name)_nres_$nx.mp4", collect.(Ez), ;
+        dt,
+        monitor_instances,
+        source_instances,
+        geometry=ϵz,
+        elevation=30°,
+        playback=1,
+        axis1=(; title="$name\nEz"),
+        axis2=(; title="monitor powers"),
+    )
 
 end
 
-runsave(xgf)
\ No newline at end of file
+runsave(x)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.bson b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.bson
index 3d7e446..58636f8 100644
Binary files a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.bson and b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.bson differ
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.jl b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.jl
index 1065ae5..010e424 100644
--- a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.jl
+++ b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/layout.jl
@@ -5,41 +5,41 @@ dir = "examples/utils"
 wwg = 0.5
 hwg = 0.22
 lwg = 1
-ld = 1
+ld = 1.5
 hclad = hbox = 0.2
 wm = 0.5wwg
 l = 2lwg + ld
 w = 2wm + ld
 h = hwg + hbox + hclad
+
+λ = 1.55f0
 layout = (; wwg, hwg, lwg, ld, hclad, hbox, l, w, h, wm)
-v = values(layout)
+v = collect(values(layout)) / λ
 k = keys(layout)
 
-λ = 1.55f0
-c = [lwg, wm] / λ
-v = F.(v) ./ λ
+c = [lwg, wm]
+v = F.(v)
 n = [1, 0]
 ports = [
-    (; c=[0.2f0, w / 2] / λ, n),
-    (; c=[l, w - wm - wwg / 2] / λ, n),
-    (; c=[l, wm + wwg / 2] / λ, n),
+    (; c=[0.2f0, w / 2], n),
+    (; c=[l, w - wm - wwg / 2], n),
+    (; c=[l, wm + wwg / 2], n),
 ]
 sources = [
-    (; c=[0, w / 2] / λ)
+    (; c=[0, w / 2])
 ]
 designs = [
-    (; o=[lwg, wm] / λ, L=[ld, ld,] / λ, c=[lwg + ld / 2, wm + ld / 2] / λ)
+    (; o=[lwg, wm], L=[ld, ld,], c=[lwg + ld / 2, wm + ld / 2])
 ]
 
 
 dx = 1.0f0 / nx
 wwg, hwg, lwg, ld, hclad, hbox, l, w, h, wm = round.(Int, v ./ dx)
-base = zeros(Int, l, w)
-base[1:lwg, (w-wwg)÷2+1:(w+wwg)÷2] .= 1
-base[end-lwg+1:end, wm+1:wm+wwg] .= 1
-base[end-lwg+1:end, end-wm-wwg+1:end-wm] .= 1
-# design = zeros(F, l, w)
-# design[lwg:lwg+ld, wwg:wwg+ld] = 1
+
+base = zeros(Int, l .+ 1, w .+ 1)
+base[1:lwg.+1, (w-wwg)÷2+1:(w+wwg)÷2+1] .= 1
+base[end-lwg:end, wm+1:wm+wwg.+1] .= 1
+base[end-lwg:end, end-wm-wwg:end-wm] .= 1
 
 layout = (; Pair.(k, v)..., base, sources, ports, designs, dx, nx)
 @save "$(@__DIR__)/layout.bson" layout
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/scratch.jl b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/scratch.jl
index d74457a..62358b0 100644
--- a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/scratch.jl
+++ b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/scratch.jl
@@ -1,66 +1,26 @@
-error()
-# @show x|>re|>metrics
+using VectorModesolver
 
-# train surrogate
-Random.seed!(1)
-runs = []
-i = 1
-function f!(x)
-    @time begin
-        model = re(x)
-        mp = metrics(model)
-        l = loss(mp)
-        global i
-        # if i == 1
-        push!(runs, [x, mp, l])
-        # else
-        #     runs[i] .= [x0, mp, l]
-        # end
-        # i +=1
-        l
-    end
-end
-
-iterations = 24
-f!(x)
-# runs = similar(runs, iterations)
+function (ε::εtype)(x::Float64, y::Float64)
 
-@showtime res = optimize(f!, x0, ParticleSwarm(;
-        n_particles=16), Optim.Options(; f_tol=0, iterations, show_every=1, show_trace=true))
-xgf = minimizer(res)
-x = deepcopy(xgf)
+    if (0.75 < x < 1.75) && (0.95 < y < 1.55)
+        return (4.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 4.0)
+    end
 
-error()
-X = Base.stack(getindex.(runs, 1))
-Y = Base.stack(getindex.(runs, 2))
+    return (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+end
 
-nl = leakyrelu
-n = size(X, 1)
-m, N = size(Y)
-nn = Chain(Dense(n, 2n, nl), Dense(2n, 4n, nl), Dense(4n, m))
+function main()
+    ε = εtype()
+    λ = 1.55
+    x = [i for i in 0:0.03:2.5]
+    y = [i for i in 0:0.05:2.5]
+    neigs = 1
+    tol = 1e-8
+    boundary = (0, 0, 0, 0)
+    solver = VectorialModesolver(λ, x, y, boundary, ε)
+    modes = solve(solver, neigs, tol)
 
-opt = Adam(0.1)
-opt_state = Flux.setup(opt, nn)
-n = 100
-for i = 1:n
-    l, (dldm,) = withgradient(nn -> Flux.mae(Y, nn(X)), nn)
-    Flux.update!(opt_state, nn, dldm)
-    (i % 25 == 0 || i == n) && println("$i $l")
 end
 
-opt = Adam(0.1)
-opt_state = Flux.setup(opt, x)
-n = 100
-@show f(x)
-for i = 1:n
-    l, (dldm,) = withgradient(x -> mae(
-            nn(x)[2:end],
-            [tp / 2, tp / 2, -tp, tp, zeros(F, 4)...]
-        ), x)
-    Flux.update!(opt_state, x, dldm)
-    (i % 25 == 0 || i == n) && println("$i $l")
-end
-@show loss(nn(x))
-@show f(x)
-xsg = x
-x = deepcopy(xsg)
+modes = main()
+plot_mode_fields(modes[1])
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_16.mp4 b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_16.mp4
index ce5cbe8..508b399 100644
Binary files a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_16.mp4 and b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_16.mp4 differ
diff --git a/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_24.mp4 b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_24.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..162a5ff
Binary files /dev/null and b/makedocs/inverse_design_3d_silicon_photonics_splitter/silicon_photonics_splitter_nres_24.mp4 differ
diff --git a/scripts/setup.jl b/scripts/setup.jl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea9eb00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/setup.jl
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+using Pkg
+# ]add UnPack, BSON,DataStructures, StatsBase, Documenter,Interpolations, Zygote, Optim,ArrayPadding, Porcupine, Jello, GLMakie, Functors, Lazy,AbbreviatedStackTraces,ReverseStackTraces,CUDA,Flux
+Pkg.add(url="https://github.com/paulxshen/ArrayPadding.jl")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts/startup.jl b/scripts/startup.jl
index b80e534..0cd60da 100644
--- a/scripts/startup.jl
+++ b/scripts/startup.jl
@@ -1,16 +1,7 @@
-using AbbreviatedStackTraces, ReverseStackTraces, Pkg
+using AbbreviatedStackTraces, Pkg
+# using ReverseStackTraces
 # ENV["JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO"]
 # ENV["JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO"] = 0
 Pkg.UPDATED_REGISTRY_THIS_SESSION[] = true
 # using 
 
-Base.round(x::AbstractFloat) = Base.round(Int, x)
-
-T = Float32
-
-Base.getindex(s::Symbol, i) = Symbol(String(s)[i])
-
-
-f32(x::Real) = Float32(x)
-f32(x::AbstractArray) = f32.(x)
-° = π / 180
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boundaries.jl b/src/boundaries.jl
index 6938ad5..23891f2 100644
--- a/src/boundaries.jl
+++ b/src/boundaries.jl
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct PML
     dims
     d::Real
     σ::Real
-    function PML(dims, d=0.125f0, σ=40.0f0)
+    function PML(dims, d=0.25f0, σ=10.0f0)
         new(dims, d, σ)
     end
 end
@@ -54,11 +54,13 @@ struct InPad
         new(b, l, r, m)
     end
 end
+@functor InPad (m,)
 struct OutPad
     b
     l
     r
 end
+# @functor OutPad
 
 
 function apply!(p::AbstractVector{<:InPad}, a::AbstractArray)
@@ -67,23 +69,34 @@ function apply!(p::AbstractVector{<:InPad}, a::AbstractArray)
         if isnothing(m)
             pad!(a, b, l, r;)
         else
-            a_ = bufferfrom(a)
-            a_[axes(a)...] = a .* m
-            a = copy(a_)
+            a .= a .* m
         end
     end
     a
 end
+function apply(p::AbstractVector{<:InPad}, a::AbstractArray)
+    a_ = Buffer(a)
+    for p = p
+        @unpack l, r, b, m = p
+        if isnothing(m)
+            pad!(a_, b, l, r;)
+        else
+            a_[axes(a)...] = a .* m
+        end
+    end
+
+    copy(a_)
+end
+
 function apply(p::AbstractVector{<:OutPad}, a)
     l = sum(getproperty.(p, :l))
     r = sum(getproperty.(p, :r))
-    # y = bufferfrom(ones(F, Tuple(l .+ r .+ size(a))))
     y = Buffer(a, Tuple(l .+ r .+ size(a)))
-    place!(y, a, l .+ 1)
+    y = place!(y, a, l .+ 1)
     for p = p
         l -= p.l
         r -= p.r
-        pad!(y, p.b, p.l, p.r, l, r)
+        y = pad!(y, p.b, p.l, p.r, l, r)
     end
     copy(y)
 end
diff --git a/src/fdtd.jl b/src/fdtd.jl
index 41d0bfe..113c0c0 100644
--- a/src/fdtd.jl
+++ b/src/fdtd.jl
@@ -256,6 +256,8 @@ function setup(boundaries, sources, monitors, dx, sz0, polarization=nothing;
             ]
         end
     end
+    geometry_padding = NamedTuple(geometry_padding)
+    field_padding = NamedTuple(field_padding)
     (; μ, σ, σm, ϵ, geometry_padding, field_padding, geometry_splits, source_instances, monitor_instances, u0, save_info, fields, dx, dt, kw...)
 end
 function apply!(p; kw...)
diff --git a/src/geometry.jl b/src/geometry.jl
index 3b02e79..5f5a8b0 100644
--- a/src/geometry.jl
+++ b/src/geometry.jl
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 
 function sandwich(base, h, ϵ)
-    a = ones(F, size(base))
+    # a = ones(F, size(base))
+    a = 0 * base .+ 1
     ϵbox, ϵcore, ϵclad, = ϵ
     # hbox, hwg, hclad = h
     cat(repeat.(
diff --git a/src/main.jl b/src/main.jl
index f2faa0a..e48661b 100644
--- a/src/main.jl
+++ b/src/main.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using UnPack, LinearAlgebra, Random, StatsBase, Interpolations, Functors, DataStructures
-using Jello, ArrayPadding, Porcupine
+using Porcupine
+using Jello, ArrayPadding
 using Zygote: bufferfrom, Buffer
 using Zygote
 F = Float32
diff --git a/src/maxwell.jl b/src/maxwell.jl
index dc49808..dd8c754 100644
--- a/src/maxwell.jl
+++ b/src/maxwell.jl
@@ -8,21 +8,18 @@ function step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances)
     ϵ, μ, σ, σm = p
     E, H = u
     E1, H1 = u1
-    J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=zeros(F, size(E[1])), Jy=zeros(F, size(E[2])), Jz=zeros(F, size(E[3])))
-    # J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=0, Jy=0, Jz=0)
+    # J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=zeros(F, size(E[1])), Jy=zeros(F, size(E[2])), Jz=zeros(F, size(E[3])))
+    J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=0, Jy=0, Jz=0)
 
     # first update E
     Hx, Hy, Hz = H
     H = mark(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
     dEdt = (∇ × H - σ * E - J) / ϵ
 
-    E_ = bufferfrom.(E1)
     for i = 1:3
-        E_[i][:, :, :] = E[i] + dEdt[i] * dt
+        E1[i][:, :, :] = E[i] + dEdt[i] * dt
     end
-    Ex, Ey, Ez = [copy(E_[1]), copy(E_[2]), copy(E_[3])]
-    # E .= E + dEdt * dt
-
+    Ex, Ey, Ez = E1
     apply!(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
     H = collect.(H)
 
@@ -30,20 +27,82 @@ function step!(u1, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances)
     E = mark(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
     dHdt = -(∇ × E .+ σm * H) / μ
 
-    H_ = bufferfrom.(H1)
     for i = 1:3
-        H_[i][:, :, :] = H[i] + dHdt[i] * dt
+        H1[i][:, :, :] = H[i] + dHdt[i] * dt
     end
-    Hx, Hy, Hz = [copy(H_[1]), copy(H_[2]), copy(H_[3])]
-    # H .= H + dHdt * dt
-
+    Hx, Hy, Hz = H1
     apply!(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
     E = collect.(E)
-    H = [Hx, Hy, Hz]
 
     [E, H]
     # u1
 end
+step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances) = step!(u, u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances)
+
+# function step!(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances)
+#     ∇ = StaggeredDel([dx, dx, dx])
+#     ϵ, μ, σ, σm = p
+#     E, H = u
+#     J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=0, Jy=0, Jz=0)
+
+#     # first update E
+#     Hx, Hy, Hz = H
+#     H = mark(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
+#     dEdt = (∇ × H - σ * E - J) / ϵ
+
+#     E_ = bufferfrom.(E)
+#     for i = 1:3
+#         E_[i][:, :, :] = E[i] + dEdt[i] * dt
+#     end
+#     Ex, Ey, Ez = [copy(E_[1]), copy(E_[2]), copy(E_[3])]
+#     # E .= E + dEdt * dt
+
+#     apply!(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
+#     H = collect.(H)
+
+#     # then update H
+#     E = mark(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
+#     dHdt = -(∇ × E .+ σm * H) / μ
+
+#     H_ = bufferfrom.(H)
+#     for i = 1:3
+#         H_[i][:, :, :] = H[i] + dHdt[i] * dt
+#     end
+#     Hx, Hy, Hz = [copy(H_[1]), copy(H_[2]), copy(H_[3])]
+#     # H .= H + dHdt * dt
+
+#     apply!(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
+#     H = [Hx, Hy, Hz]
+#     E = collect.(E)
+
+#     [E, H]
+# end
+function step(u, p, t, dx, dt, field_padding, source_instances)
+    ∇ = StaggeredDel([dx, dx, dx])
+    ϵ, μ, σ, σm = p
+    E, H = u
+    J = apply(source_instances, t; Jx=0, Jy=0, Jz=0)
+
+    # first update E
+    Hx, Hy, Hz = H
+    H = mark(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
+    dEdt = (∇ × H - σ * E - J) / ϵ
+    Ex, Ey, Ez = E + dEdt * dt
+
+    Ex, Ey, Ez = apply(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
+    H = collect.(H)
+
+    # then update H
+    E = mark(field_padding; Ex, Ey, Ez)
+    dHdt = -(∇ × E .+ σm * H) / μ
+    Hx, Hy, Hz = H + dHdt * dt
+
+    H = apply(field_padding; Hx, Hy, Hz)
+    # H = [Hx, Hy, Hz]
+    E = collect.(E)
+
+    [E, H]
+end
 step3! = step!
 # Flux.trainable(m::PaddedArray) = (; a=m.a)
 
diff --git a/src/monitors.jl b/src/monitors.jl
index 6d71963..7a72e94 100644
--- a/src/monitors.jl
+++ b/src/monitors.jl
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct MonitorInstance
     A
     label
 end
-
+@functor MonitorInstance (n,)
 
 # power(m, u) = sum(sum(pf([u[m.idxs[k]...] for (u, k) = zip(u, fk)]) .* m.n))
 """
diff --git a/src/sources.jl b/src/sources.jl
index a51020c..ab859b6 100644
--- a/src/sources.jl
+++ b/src/sources.jl
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct PlaneWave
         new(f, fields, dims, label)
     end
 end
-
+@functor PlaneWave
 """
     function GaussianBeam(f, σ, c, dims; fields...)
 
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct GaussianBeam
         new(f, σ, fields, c, dims)
     end
 end
+@functor GaussianBeam
 
 """
     function Source(f, c, lb, ub, label=""; fields...)
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ struct SourceInstance
     c
     label
 end
-
+@functor SourceInstance
 function SourceInstance(s::PlaneWave, dx, sizes, o, sz0)
     @unpack f, fields, dims, label = s
     d = length(first(sizes))
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ end
 function SourceInstance(s::Source, dx, sizes, o, stop)
     @unpack f, fields, c, lb, ub, label = s
     I = [a:dx:b for (a, b) = zip(lb, ub)]
-    g = Dict([k => [fields[k](v...) for v = Iterators.product(I...)] / dx^count(lb .== ub) for k = keys(fields)])
+    g = Dict([k => [F.(fields[k](v...)) for v = Iterators.product(I...)] / dx^count(lb .== ub) for k = keys(fields)])
     c = -1 .+ index(c, dx) .- round.(Int, (length.(I) .- 1) ./ 2)
     o = NamedTuple([k => o[k] .+ c for k = keys(o)])
     _g = Dict([k => place(zeros(F, sizes[k]), g[k], o[k]) for k = keys(fields)])
@@ -121,13 +122,19 @@ end
 #     # r = place(r, real(fields[k] * f(t) .* g), o)
 #     a .+ real(f(t) .* _g)
 # end
+_F(x::Real) = F(x)
+_F(x::Complex) = ComplexF32(x)
 function apply(v::AbstractVector{<:SourceInstance}, t::Real; kw...)
     [
         # sum([real(s.f(t) .* s._g[k]) for s = v if k in s.k], init=kw[k])
         begin
 
-            a = [real(s.f(t) .* s._g[k]) for s = v if k in s.k]
-            kw[k] .+ (isempty(a) ? 0 : sum(a))
+            a = [real(_F(s.f(t)) .* s._g[k]) for s = v if k in s.k]
+            if isempty(a)
+                kw[k]
+            else
+                kw[k] .+ sum(a)
+            end
         end
         for k = keys(kw)
         # end for (k, a) = pairs(kw)
diff --git a/src/utils.jl b/src/utils.jl
index 2b97024..363c4fe 100644
--- a/src/utils.jl
+++ b/src/utils.jl
@@ -7,32 +7,29 @@ Base.getindex(s::Symbol, i) = Symbol(String(s)[i])
 
 index(v, dx) = round.(Int, v ./ dx .+ 1)
 reindex(i, ratio) = round.(Int, (i .- 1) .* ratio .+ 1)
-Base.size(x::NamedTuple) = (length(x),)
+Base.size(x::Union{NamedTuple,Tuple}) = (length(x),)
 
 T = Union{Tuple,AbstractArray,Number}
 Base.:-(x::T, y::T) = x .- y
 Base.:+(x::T, y::T) = x .+ y
 
 
-
-f32(x::Real) = Float32(x)
-f32(x::AbstractArray) = f32.(x)
-
 # __precompile__(false)
 (m::Number)(a...) = m
 gaussian(x; μ=0, σ=1) = exp(-((x - μ) / σ)^2)
 
-function place(a, b, start; lazy=false)
-    a + pad(b, 0, Tuple(start) .- 1, size(a) .- size(b) .- Tuple(start) .+ 1)
-    # place!(buf, b, start)
-end
-function place!(a::AbstractArray, b, start)
-    buf = bufferfrom(a)
-    place!(buf, b, start)
-    copy(buf)
+function place(a, b, o; lazy=false)
+    a + pad(b, 0, Tuple(o) .- 1, size(a) .- size(b) .- Tuple(o) .+ 1)
+    # place!(buf, b, o)
 end
-function place!(a, b, start)
-    a[[i:j for (i, j) = zip(start, start .+ size(b) .- 1)]...] = b
+# function place!(a::AbstractArray, b, o)
+#     buf = bufferfrom(a)
+#     buf = place!(buf, b, o)
+#     copy(buf)
+# end
+function place!(a, b, o)
+    a[[i:j for (i, j) = zip(o, o .+ size(b) .- 1)]...] = b
+    a
 end
 
 function place!(a, b; o)
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