PostgresStorageAdapter.js

// @flow
import { createClient } from './PostgresClient';
// @flow-disable-next
import Parse from 'parse/node';
// @flow-disable-next
import _ from 'lodash';
import sql from './sql';

const PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError = '42P01';
const PostgresDuplicateRelationError = '42P07';
const PostgresDuplicateColumnError = '42701';
const PostgresMissingColumnError = '42703';
const PostgresDuplicateObjectError = '42710';
const PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError = '23505';
const PostgresTransactionAbortedError = '25P02';
const logger = require('../../../logger');

const debug = function(...args: any) {
  args = ['PG: ' + arguments[0]].concat(args.slice(1, args.length));
  const log = logger.getLogger();
  log.debug.apply(log, args);
};

import { StorageAdapter } from '../StorageAdapter';
import type { SchemaType, QueryType, QueryOptions } from '../StorageAdapter';

const parseTypeToPostgresType = type => {
  switch (type.type) {
    case 'String':
      return 'text';
    case 'Date':
      return 'timestamp with time zone';
    case 'Object':
      return 'jsonb';
    case 'File':
      return 'text';
    case 'Boolean':
      return 'boolean';
    case 'Pointer':
      return 'char(10)';
    case 'Number':
      return 'double precision';
    case 'GeoPoint':
      return 'point';
    case 'Bytes':
      return 'jsonb';
    case 'Polygon':
      return 'polygon';
    case 'Array':
      if (type.contents && type.contents.type === 'String') {
        return 'text[]';
      } else {
        return 'jsonb';
      }
    default:
      throw `no type for ${JSON.stringify(type)} yet`;
  }
};

const ParseToPosgresComparator = {
  $gt: '>',
  $lt: '<',
  $gte: '>=',
  $lte: '<=',
};

const mongoAggregateToPostgres = {
  $dayOfMonth: 'DAY',
  $dayOfWeek: 'DOW',
  $dayOfYear: 'DOY',
  $isoDayOfWeek: 'ISODOW',
  $isoWeekYear: 'ISOYEAR',
  $hour: 'HOUR',
  $minute: 'MINUTE',
  $second: 'SECOND',
  $millisecond: 'MILLISECONDS',
  $month: 'MONTH',
  $week: 'WEEK',
  $year: 'YEAR',
};

const toPostgresValue = value => {
  if (typeof value === 'object') {
    if (value.__type === 'Date') {
      return value.iso;
    }
    if (value.__type === 'File') {
      return value.name;
    }
  }
  return value;
};

const transformValue = value => {
  if (typeof value === 'object' && value.__type === 'Pointer') {
    return value.objectId;
  }
  return value;
};

// Duplicate from then mongo adapter...
const emptyCLPS = Object.freeze({
  find: {},
  get: {},
  count: {},
  create: {},
  update: {},
  delete: {},
  addField: {},
  protectedFields: {},
});

const defaultCLPS = Object.freeze({
  find: { '*': true },
  get: { '*': true },
  count: { '*': true },
  create: { '*': true },
  update: { '*': true },
  delete: { '*': true },
  addField: { '*': true },
  protectedFields: { '*': [] },
});

const toParseSchema = schema => {
  if (schema.className === '_User') {
    delete schema.fields._hashed_password;
  }
  if (schema.fields) {
    delete schema.fields._wperm;
    delete schema.fields._rperm;
  }
  let clps = defaultCLPS;
  if (schema.classLevelPermissions) {
    clps = { ...emptyCLPS, ...schema.classLevelPermissions };
  }
  let indexes = {};
  if (schema.indexes) {
    indexes = { ...schema.indexes };
  }
  return {
    className: schema.className,
    fields: schema.fields,
    classLevelPermissions: clps,
    indexes,
  };
};

const toPostgresSchema = schema => {
  if (!schema) {
    return schema;
  }
  schema.fields = schema.fields || {};
  schema.fields._wperm = { type: 'Array', contents: { type: 'String' } };
  schema.fields._rperm = { type: 'Array', contents: { type: 'String' } };
  if (schema.className === '_User') {
    schema.fields._hashed_password = { type: 'String' };
    schema.fields._password_history = { type: 'Array' };
  }
  return schema;
};

const handleDotFields = object => {
  Object.keys(object).forEach(fieldName => {
    if (fieldName.indexOf('.') > -1) {
      const components = fieldName.split('.');
      const first = components.shift();
      object[first] = object[first] || {};
      let currentObj = object[first];
      let next;
      let value = object[fieldName];
      if (value && value.__op === 'Delete') {
        value = undefined;
      }
      /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */
      while ((next = components.shift())) {
        /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */
        currentObj[next] = currentObj[next] || {};
        if (components.length === 0) {
          currentObj[next] = value;
        }
        currentObj = currentObj[next];
      }
      delete object[fieldName];
    }
  });
  return object;
};

const transformDotFieldToComponents = fieldName => {
  return fieldName.split('.').map((cmpt, index) => {
    if (index === 0) {
      return `"${cmpt}"`;
    }
    return `'${cmpt}'`;
  });
};

const transformDotField = fieldName => {
  if (fieldName.indexOf('.') === -1) {
    return `"${fieldName}"`;
  }
  const components = transformDotFieldToComponents(fieldName);
  let name = components.slice(0, components.length - 1).join('->');
  name += '->>' + components[components.length - 1];
  return name;
};

const transformAggregateField = fieldName => {
  if (typeof fieldName !== 'string') {
    return fieldName;
  }
  if (fieldName === '$_created_at') {
    return 'createdAt';
  }
  if (fieldName === '$_updated_at') {
    return 'updatedAt';
  }
  return fieldName.substr(1);
};

const validateKeys = object => {
  if (typeof object == 'object') {
    for (const key in object) {
      if (typeof object[key] == 'object') {
        validateKeys(object[key]);
      }

      if (key.includes('$') || key.includes('.')) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_NESTED_KEY,
          "Nested keys should not contain the '$' or '.' characters"
        );
      }
    }
  }
};

// Returns the list of join tables on a schema
const joinTablesForSchema = schema => {
  const list = [];
  if (schema) {
    Object.keys(schema.fields).forEach(field => {
      if (schema.fields[field].type === 'Relation') {
        list.push(`_Join:${field}:${schema.className}`);
      }
    });
  }
  return list;
};

interface WhereClause {
  pattern: string;
  values: Array<any>;
  sorts: Array<any>;
}

const buildWhereClause = ({
  schema,
  query,
  index,
  caseInsensitive,
}): WhereClause => {
  const patterns = [];
  let values = [];
  const sorts = [];

  schema = toPostgresSchema(schema);
  for (const fieldName in query) {
    const isArrayField =
      schema.fields &&
      schema.fields[fieldName] &&
      schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Array';
    const initialPatternsLength = patterns.length;
    const fieldValue = query[fieldName];

    // nothing in the schema, it's gonna blow up
    if (!schema.fields[fieldName]) {
      // as it won't exist
      if (fieldValue && fieldValue.$exists === false) {
        continue;
      }
    }

    const authDataMatch = fieldName.match(/^_auth_data_([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)$/);
    if (authDataMatch) {
      // TODO: Handle querying by _auth_data_provider, authData is stored in authData field
      continue;
    } else if (
      caseInsensitive &&
      (fieldName === 'username' || fieldName === 'email')
    ) {
      patterns.push(`LOWER($${index}:name) = LOWER($${index + 1})`);
      values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
      index += 2;
    } else if (fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0) {
      let name = transformDotField(fieldName);
      if (fieldValue === null) {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:raw IS NULL`);
        values.push(name);
        index += 1;
        continue;
      } else {
        if (fieldValue.$in) {
          name = transformDotFieldToComponents(fieldName).join('->');
          patterns.push(`($${index}:raw)::jsonb @> $${index + 1}::jsonb`);
          values.push(name, JSON.stringify(fieldValue.$in));
          index += 2;
        } else if (fieldValue.$regex) {
          // Handle later
        } else if (typeof fieldValue !== 'object') {
          patterns.push(`$${index}:raw = $${index + 1}::text`);
          values.push(name, fieldValue);
          index += 2;
        }
      }
    } else if (fieldValue === null || fieldValue === undefined) {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NULL`);
      values.push(fieldName);
      index += 1;
      continue;
    } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'string') {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
      values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
      index += 2;
    } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'boolean') {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
      // Can't cast boolean to double precision
      if (
        schema.fields[fieldName] &&
        schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Number'
      ) {
        // Should always return zero results
        const MAX_INT_PLUS_ONE = 9223372036854775808;
        values.push(fieldName, MAX_INT_PLUS_ONE);
      } else {
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
      }
      index += 2;
    } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'number') {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
      values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
      index += 2;
    } else if (['$or', '$nor', '$and'].includes(fieldName)) {
      const clauses = [];
      const clauseValues = [];
      fieldValue.forEach(subQuery => {
        const clause = buildWhereClause({
          schema,
          query: subQuery,
          index,
          caseInsensitive,
        });
        if (clause.pattern.length > 0) {
          clauses.push(clause.pattern);
          clauseValues.push(...clause.values);
          index += clause.values.length;
        }
      });

      const orOrAnd = fieldName === '$and' ? ' AND ' : ' OR ';
      const not = fieldName === '$nor' ? ' NOT ' : '';

      patterns.push(`${not}(${clauses.join(orOrAnd)})`);
      values.push(...clauseValues);
    }

    if (fieldValue.$ne !== undefined) {
      if (isArrayField) {
        fieldValue.$ne = JSON.stringify([fieldValue.$ne]);
        patterns.push(`NOT array_contains($${index}:name, $${index + 1})`);
      } else {
        if (fieldValue.$ne === null) {
          patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NOT NULL`);
          values.push(fieldName);
          index += 1;
          continue;
        } else {
          // if not null, we need to manually exclude null
          if (fieldValue.$ne.__type === 'GeoPoint') {
            patterns.push(
              `($${index}:name <> POINT($${index + 1}, $${index +
                2}) OR $${index}:name IS NULL)`
            );
          } else {
            if (fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0) {
              const constraintFieldName = transformDotField(fieldName);
              patterns.push(
                `(${constraintFieldName} <> $${index} OR ${constraintFieldName} IS NULL)`
              );
            } else {
              patterns.push(
                `($${index}:name <> $${index + 1} OR $${index}:name IS NULL)`
              );
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (fieldValue.$ne.__type === 'GeoPoint') {
        const point = fieldValue.$ne;
        values.push(fieldName, point.longitude, point.latitude);
        index += 3;
      } else {
        // TODO: support arrays
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.$ne);
        index += 2;
      }
    }
    if (fieldValue.$eq !== undefined) {
      if (fieldValue.$eq === null) {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NULL`);
        values.push(fieldName);
        index += 1;
      } else {
        if (fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0) {
          values.push(fieldValue.$eq);
          patterns.push(`${transformDotField(fieldName)} = $${index++}`);
        } else {
          values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.$eq);
          patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
          index += 2;
        }
      }
    }
    const isInOrNin =
      Array.isArray(fieldValue.$in) || Array.isArray(fieldValue.$nin);
    if (
      Array.isArray(fieldValue.$in) &&
      isArrayField &&
      schema.fields[fieldName].contents &&
      schema.fields[fieldName].contents.type === 'String'
    ) {
      const inPatterns = [];
      let allowNull = false;
      values.push(fieldName);
      fieldValue.$in.forEach((listElem, listIndex) => {
        if (listElem === null) {
          allowNull = true;
        } else {
          values.push(listElem);
          inPatterns.push(`$${index + 1 + listIndex - (allowNull ? 1 : 0)}`);
        }
      });
      if (allowNull) {
        patterns.push(
          `($${index}:name IS NULL OR $${index}:name && ARRAY[${inPatterns.join()}])`
        );
      } else {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name && ARRAY[${inPatterns.join()}]`);
      }
      index = index + 1 + inPatterns.length;
    } else if (isInOrNin) {
      var createConstraint = (baseArray, notIn) => {
        const not = notIn ? ' NOT ' : '';
        if (baseArray.length > 0) {
          if (isArrayField) {
            patterns.push(
              `${not} array_contains($${index}:name, $${index + 1})`
            );
            values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(baseArray));
            index += 2;
          } else {
            // Handle Nested Dot Notation Above
            if (fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0) {
              return;
            }
            const inPatterns = [];
            values.push(fieldName);
            baseArray.forEach((listElem, listIndex) => {
              if (listElem != null) {
                values.push(listElem);
                inPatterns.push(`$${index + 1 + listIndex}`);
              }
            });
            patterns.push(`$${index}:name ${not} IN (${inPatterns.join()})`);
            index = index + 1 + inPatterns.length;
          }
        } else if (!notIn) {
          values.push(fieldName);
          patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NULL`);
          index = index + 1;
        } else {
          // Handle empty array
          if (notIn) {
            patterns.push('1 = 1'); // Return all values
          } else {
            patterns.push('1 = 2'); // Return no values
          }
        }
      };
      if (fieldValue.$in) {
        createConstraint(
          _.flatMap(fieldValue.$in, elt => elt),
          false
        );
      }
      if (fieldValue.$nin) {
        createConstraint(
          _.flatMap(fieldValue.$nin, elt => elt),
          true
        );
      }
    } else if (typeof fieldValue.$in !== 'undefined') {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON, 'bad $in value');
    } else if (typeof fieldValue.$nin !== 'undefined') {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON, 'bad $nin value');
    }

    if (Array.isArray(fieldValue.$all) && isArrayField) {
      if (isAnyValueRegexStartsWith(fieldValue.$all)) {
        if (!isAllValuesRegexOrNone(fieldValue.$all)) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
            'All $all values must be of regex type or none: ' + fieldValue.$all
          );
        }

        for (let i = 0; i < fieldValue.$all.length; i += 1) {
          const value = processRegexPattern(fieldValue.$all[i].$regex);
          fieldValue.$all[i] = value.substring(1) + '%';
        }
        patterns.push(
          `array_contains_all_regex($${index}:name, $${index + 1}::jsonb)`
        );
      } else {
        patterns.push(
          `array_contains_all($${index}:name, $${index + 1}::jsonb)`
        );
      }
      values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(fieldValue.$all));
      index += 2;
    } else if (Array.isArray(fieldValue.$all)) {
      if (fieldValue.$all.length === 1) {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.$all[0].objectId);
        index += 2;
      }
    }

    if (typeof fieldValue.$exists !== 'undefined') {
      if (fieldValue.$exists) {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NOT NULL`);
      } else {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name IS NULL`);
      }
      values.push(fieldName);
      index += 1;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$containedBy) {
      const arr = fieldValue.$containedBy;
      if (!(arr instanceof Array)) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $containedBy: should be an array`
        );
      }

      patterns.push(`$${index}:name <@ $${index + 1}::jsonb`);
      values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(arr));
      index += 2;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$text) {
      const search = fieldValue.$text.$search;
      let language = 'english';
      if (typeof search !== 'object') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $search, should be object`
        );
      }
      if (!search.$term || typeof search.$term !== 'string') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $term, should be string`
        );
      }
      if (search.$language && typeof search.$language !== 'string') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $language, should be string`
        );
      } else if (search.$language) {
        language = search.$language;
      }
      if (search.$caseSensitive && typeof search.$caseSensitive !== 'boolean') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $caseSensitive, should be boolean`
        );
      } else if (search.$caseSensitive) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $caseSensitive not supported, please use $regex or create a separate lower case column.`
        );
      }
      if (
        search.$diacriticSensitive &&
        typeof search.$diacriticSensitive !== 'boolean'
      ) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $diacriticSensitive, should be boolean`
        );
      } else if (search.$diacriticSensitive === false) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          `bad $text: $diacriticSensitive - false not supported, install Postgres Unaccent Extension`
        );
      }
      patterns.push(
        `to_tsvector($${index}, $${index + 1}:name) @@ to_tsquery($${index +
          2}, $${index + 3})`
      );
      values.push(language, fieldName, language, search.$term);
      index += 4;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$nearSphere) {
      const point = fieldValue.$nearSphere;
      const distance = fieldValue.$maxDistance;
      const distanceInKM = distance * 6371 * 1000;
      patterns.push(
        `ST_DistanceSphere($${index}:name::geometry, POINT($${index +
          1}, $${index + 2})::geometry) <= $${index + 3}`
      );
      sorts.push(
        `ST_DistanceSphere($${index}:name::geometry, POINT($${index +
          1}, $${index + 2})::geometry) ASC`
      );
      values.push(fieldName, point.longitude, point.latitude, distanceInKM);
      index += 4;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$within && fieldValue.$within.$box) {
      const box = fieldValue.$within.$box;
      const left = box[0].longitude;
      const bottom = box[0].latitude;
      const right = box[1].longitude;
      const top = box[1].latitude;

      patterns.push(`$${index}:name::point <@ $${index + 1}::box`);
      values.push(fieldName, `((${left}, ${bottom}), (${right}, ${top}))`);
      index += 2;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$geoWithin && fieldValue.$geoWithin.$centerSphere) {
      const centerSphere = fieldValue.$geoWithin.$centerSphere;
      if (!(centerSphere instanceof Array) || centerSphere.length < 2) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          'bad $geoWithin value; $centerSphere should be an array of Parse.GeoPoint and distance'
        );
      }
      // Get point, convert to geo point if necessary and validate
      let point = centerSphere[0];
      if (point instanceof Array && point.length === 2) {
        point = new Parse.GeoPoint(point[1], point[0]);
      } else if (!GeoPointCoder.isValidJSON(point)) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          'bad $geoWithin value; $centerSphere geo point invalid'
        );
      }
      Parse.GeoPoint._validate(point.latitude, point.longitude);
      // Get distance and validate
      const distance = centerSphere[1];
      if (isNaN(distance) || distance < 0) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          'bad $geoWithin value; $centerSphere distance invalid'
        );
      }
      const distanceInKM = distance * 6371 * 1000;
      patterns.push(
        `ST_DistanceSphere($${index}:name::geometry, POINT($${index +
          1}, $${index + 2})::geometry) <= $${index + 3}`
      );
      values.push(fieldName, point.longitude, point.latitude, distanceInKM);
      index += 4;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$geoWithin && fieldValue.$geoWithin.$polygon) {
      const polygon = fieldValue.$geoWithin.$polygon;
      let points;
      if (typeof polygon === 'object' && polygon.__type === 'Polygon') {
        if (!polygon.coordinates || polygon.coordinates.length < 3) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
            'bad $geoWithin value; Polygon.coordinates should contain at least 3 lon/lat pairs'
          );
        }
        points = polygon.coordinates;
      } else if (polygon instanceof Array) {
        if (polygon.length < 3) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
            'bad $geoWithin value; $polygon should contain at least 3 GeoPoints'
          );
        }
        points = polygon;
      } else {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          "bad $geoWithin value; $polygon should be Polygon object or Array of Parse.GeoPoint's"
        );
      }
      points = points
        .map(point => {
          if (point instanceof Array && point.length === 2) {
            Parse.GeoPoint._validate(point[1], point[0]);
            return `(${point[0]}, ${point[1]})`;
          }
          if (typeof point !== 'object' || point.__type !== 'GeoPoint') {
            throw new Parse.Error(
              Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
              'bad $geoWithin value'
            );
          } else {
            Parse.GeoPoint._validate(point.latitude, point.longitude);
          }
          return `(${point.longitude}, ${point.latitude})`;
        })
        .join(', ');

      patterns.push(`$${index}:name::point <@ $${index + 1}::polygon`);
      values.push(fieldName, `(${points})`);
      index += 2;
    }
    if (fieldValue.$geoIntersects && fieldValue.$geoIntersects.$point) {
      const point = fieldValue.$geoIntersects.$point;
      if (typeof point !== 'object' || point.__type !== 'GeoPoint') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
          'bad $geoIntersect value; $point should be GeoPoint'
        );
      } else {
        Parse.GeoPoint._validate(point.latitude, point.longitude);
      }
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name::polygon @> $${index + 1}::point`);
      values.push(fieldName, `(${point.longitude}, ${point.latitude})`);
      index += 2;
    }

    if (fieldValue.$regex) {
      let regex = fieldValue.$regex;
      let operator = '~';
      const opts = fieldValue.$options;
      if (opts) {
        if (opts.indexOf('i') >= 0) {
          operator = '~*';
        }
        if (opts.indexOf('x') >= 0) {
          regex = removeWhiteSpace(regex);
        }
      }

      const name = transformDotField(fieldName);
      regex = processRegexPattern(regex);

      patterns.push(`$${index}:raw ${operator} '$${index + 1}:raw'`);
      values.push(name, regex);
      index += 2;
    }

    if (fieldValue.__type === 'Pointer') {
      if (isArrayField) {
        patterns.push(`array_contains($${index}:name, $${index + 1})`);
        values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify([fieldValue]));
        index += 2;
      } else {
        patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.objectId);
        index += 2;
      }
    }

    if (fieldValue.__type === 'Date') {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
      values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.iso);
      index += 2;
    }

    if (fieldValue.__type === 'GeoPoint') {
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name ~= POINT($${index + 1}, $${index + 2})`);
      values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.longitude, fieldValue.latitude);
      index += 3;
    }

    if (fieldValue.__type === 'Polygon') {
      const value = convertPolygonToSQL(fieldValue.coordinates);
      patterns.push(`$${index}:name ~= $${index + 1}::polygon`);
      values.push(fieldName, value);
      index += 2;
    }

    Object.keys(ParseToPosgresComparator).forEach(cmp => {
      if (fieldValue[cmp] || fieldValue[cmp] === 0) {
        const pgComparator = ParseToPosgresComparator[cmp];
        const postgresValue = toPostgresValue(fieldValue[cmp]);
        let constraintFieldName;
        if (fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0) {
          let castType;
          switch (typeof postgresValue) {
            case 'number':
              castType = 'double precision';
              break;
            case 'boolean':
              castType = 'boolean';
              break;
            default:
              castType = undefined;
          }
          constraintFieldName = castType
            ? `CAST ((${transformDotField(fieldName)}) AS ${castType})`
            : transformDotField(fieldName);
        } else {
          constraintFieldName = `$${index++}:name`;
          values.push(fieldName);
        }
        values.push(postgresValue);
        patterns.push(`${constraintFieldName} ${pgComparator} $${index++}`);
      }
    });

    if (initialPatternsLength === patterns.length) {
      throw new Parse.Error(
        Parse.Error.OPERATION_FORBIDDEN,
        `Postgres doesn't support this query type yet ${JSON.stringify(
          fieldValue
        )}`
      );
    }
  }
  values = values.map(transformValue);
  return { pattern: patterns.join(' AND '), values, sorts };
};

export class PostgresStorageAdapter implements StorageAdapter {
  canSortOnJoinTables: boolean;

  // Private
  _collectionPrefix: string;
  _client: any;
  _pgp: any;

  constructor({ uri, collectionPrefix = '', databaseOptions }: any) {
    this._collectionPrefix = collectionPrefix;
    const { client, pgp } = createClient(uri, databaseOptions);
    this._client = client;
    this._pgp = pgp;
    this.canSortOnJoinTables = false;
  }

  //Note that analyze=true will run the query, executing INSERTS, DELETES, etc.
  createExplainableQuery (query: string, analyze:boolean = false) {
    if (analyze){
      return 'EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, FORMAT JSON) ' + query;
    }else{
      return 'EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) ' + query;
    }
  }

  handleShutdown() {
    if (!this._client) {
      return;
    }
    this._client.$pool.end();
  }

  async _ensureSchemaCollectionExists(conn: any) {
    conn = conn || this._client;
    await conn
      .none(
        'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "_SCHEMA" ( "className" varChar(120), "schema" jsonb, "isParseClass" bool, PRIMARY KEY ("className") )'
      )
      .catch(error => {
        if (
          error.code === PostgresDuplicateRelationError ||
          error.code === PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError ||
          error.code === PostgresDuplicateObjectError
        ) {
          // Table already exists, must have been created by a different request. Ignore error.
        } else {
          throw error;
        }
      });
  }

  async classExists(name: string) {
    return this._client.one(
      'SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = $1)',
      [name],
      a => a.exists
    );
  }

  async setClassLevelPermissions(className: string, CLPs: any) {
    const self = this;
    await this._client.task('set-class-level-permissions', async t => {
      await self._ensureSchemaCollectionExists(t);
      const values = [
        className,
        'schema',
        'classLevelPermissions',
        JSON.stringify(CLPs),
      ];
      await t.none(
        `UPDATE "_SCHEMA" SET $2:name = json_object_set_key($2:name, $3::text, $4::jsonb) WHERE "className" = $1`,
        values
      );
    });
  }

  async setIndexesWithSchemaFormat(
    className: string,
    submittedIndexes: any,
    existingIndexes: any = {},
    fields: any,
    conn: ?any
  ): Promise<void> {
    conn = conn || this._client;
    const self = this;
    if (submittedIndexes === undefined) {
      return Promise.resolve();
    }
    if (Object.keys(existingIndexes).length === 0) {
      existingIndexes = { _id_: { _id: 1 } };
    }
    const deletedIndexes = [];
    const insertedIndexes = [];
    Object.keys(submittedIndexes).forEach(name => {
      const field = submittedIndexes[name];
      if (existingIndexes[name] && field.__op !== 'Delete') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_QUERY,
          `Index ${name} exists, cannot update.`
        );
      }
      if (!existingIndexes[name] && field.__op === 'Delete') {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.INVALID_QUERY,
          `Index ${name} does not exist, cannot delete.`
        );
      }
      if (field.__op === 'Delete') {
        deletedIndexes.push(name);
        delete existingIndexes[name];
      } else {
        Object.keys(field).forEach(key => {
          if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(fields, key)) {
            throw new Parse.Error(
              Parse.Error.INVALID_QUERY,
              `Field ${key} does not exist, cannot add index.`
            );
          }
        });
        existingIndexes[name] = field;
        insertedIndexes.push({
          key: field,
          name,
        });
      }
    });
    await conn.tx('set-indexes-with-schema-format', async t => {
      if (insertedIndexes.length > 0) {
        await self.createIndexes(className, insertedIndexes, t);
      }
      if (deletedIndexes.length > 0) {
        await self.dropIndexes(className, deletedIndexes, t);
      }
      await self._ensureSchemaCollectionExists(t);
      await t.none(
        'UPDATE "_SCHEMA" SET $2:name = json_object_set_key($2:name, $3::text, $4::jsonb) WHERE "className" = $1',
        [className, 'schema', 'indexes', JSON.stringify(existingIndexes)]
      );
    });
  }

  async createClass(className: string, schema: SchemaType, conn: ?any) {
    conn = conn || this._client;
    return conn
      .tx('create-class', async t => {
        const q1 = this.createTable(className, schema, t);
        const q2 = t.none(
          'INSERT INTO "_SCHEMA" ("className", "schema", "isParseClass") VALUES ($<className>, $<schema>, true)',
          { className, schema }
        );
        const q3 = this.setIndexesWithSchemaFormat(
          className,
          schema.indexes,
          {},
          schema.fields,
          t
        );
        // TODO: The test should not verify the returned value, and then
        //  the method can be simplified, to avoid returning useless stuff.
        return t.batch([q1, q2, q3]);
      })
      .then(() => {
        return toParseSchema(schema);
      })
      .catch(err => {
        if (err.data[0].result.code === PostgresTransactionAbortedError) {
          err = err.data[1].result;
        }
        if (
          err.code === PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError &&
          err.detail.includes(className)
        ) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE,
            `Class ${className} already exists.`
          );
        }
        throw err;
      });
  }

  // Just create a table, do not insert in schema
  async createTable(className: string, schema: SchemaType, conn: any) {
    conn = conn || this._client;
    const self = this;
    debug('createTable', className, schema);
    const valuesArray = [];
    const patternsArray = [];
    const fields = Object.assign({}, schema.fields);
    if (className === '_User') {
      fields._email_verify_token_expires_at = { type: 'Date' };
      fields._email_verify_token = { type: 'String' };
      fields._account_lockout_expires_at = { type: 'Date' };
      fields._failed_login_count = { type: 'Number' };
      fields._perishable_token = { type: 'String' };
      fields._perishable_token_expires_at = { type: 'Date' };
      fields._password_changed_at = { type: 'Date' };
      fields._password_history = { type: 'Array' };
    }
    let index = 2;
    const relations = [];
    Object.keys(fields).forEach(fieldName => {
      const parseType = fields[fieldName];
      // Skip when it's a relation
      // We'll create the tables later
      if (parseType.type === 'Relation') {
        relations.push(fieldName);
        return;
      }
      if (['_rperm', '_wperm'].indexOf(fieldName) >= 0) {
        parseType.contents = { type: 'String' };
      }
      valuesArray.push(fieldName);
      valuesArray.push(parseTypeToPostgresType(parseType));
      patternsArray.push(`$${index}:name $${index + 1}:raw`);
      if (fieldName === 'objectId') {
        patternsArray.push(`PRIMARY KEY ($${index}:name)`);
      }
      index = index + 2;
    });
    const qs = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS $1:name (${patternsArray.join()})`;
    const values = [className, ...valuesArray];

    debug(qs, values);
    return conn.task('create-table', async t => {
      try {
        await self._ensureSchemaCollectionExists(t);
        await t.none(qs, values);
      } catch (error) {
        if (error.code !== PostgresDuplicateRelationError) {
          throw error;
        }
        // ELSE: Table already exists, must have been created by a different request. Ignore the error.
      }
      await t.tx('create-table-tx', tx => {
        return tx.batch(
          relations.map(fieldName => {
            return tx.none(
              'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS $<joinTable:name> ("relatedId" varChar(120), "owningId" varChar(120), PRIMARY KEY("relatedId", "owningId") )',
              { joinTable: `_Join:${fieldName}:${className}` }
            );
          })
        );
      });
    });
  }

  async schemaUpgrade(className: string, schema: SchemaType, conn: any) {
    debug('schemaUpgrade', { className, schema });
    conn = conn || this._client;
    const self = this;

    await conn.tx('schema-upgrade', async t => {
      const columns = await t.map(
        'SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = $<className>',
        { className },
        a => a.column_name
      );
      const newColumns = Object.keys(schema.fields)
        .filter(item => columns.indexOf(item) === -1)
        .map(fieldName =>
          self.addFieldIfNotExists(
            className,
            fieldName,
            schema.fields[fieldName],
            t
          )
        );

      await t.batch(newColumns);
    });
  }

  async addFieldIfNotExists(
    className: string,
    fieldName: string,
    type: any,
    conn: any
  ) {
    // TODO: Must be revised for invalid logic...
    debug('addFieldIfNotExists', { className, fieldName, type });
    conn = conn || this._client;
    const self = this;
    await conn.tx('add-field-if-not-exists', async t => {
      if (type.type !== 'Relation') {
        try {
          await t.none(
            'ALTER TABLE $<className:name> ADD COLUMN $<fieldName:name> $<postgresType:raw>',
            {
              className,
              fieldName,
              postgresType: parseTypeToPostgresType(type),
            }
          );
        } catch (error) {
          if (error.code === PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError) {
            return self.createClass(
              className,
              { fields: { [fieldName]: type } },
              t
            );
          }
          if (error.code !== PostgresDuplicateColumnError) {
            throw error;
          }
          // Column already exists, created by other request. Carry on to see if it's the right type.
        }
      } else {
        await t.none(
          'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS $<joinTable:name> ("relatedId" varChar(120), "owningId" varChar(120), PRIMARY KEY("relatedId", "owningId") )',
          { joinTable: `_Join:${fieldName}:${className}` }
        );
      }

      const result = await t.any(
        'SELECT "schema" FROM "_SCHEMA" WHERE "className" = $<className> and ("schema"::json->\'fields\'->$<fieldName>) is not null',
        { className, fieldName }
      );

      if (result[0]) {
        throw 'Attempted to add a field that already exists';
      } else {
        const path = `{fields,${fieldName}}`;
        await t.none(
          'UPDATE "_SCHEMA" SET "schema"=jsonb_set("schema", $<path>, $<type>)  WHERE "className"=$<className>',
          { path, type, className }
        );
      }
    });
  }

  // Drops a collection. Resolves with true if it was a Parse Schema (eg. _User, Custom, etc.)
  // and resolves with false if it wasn't (eg. a join table). Rejects if deletion was impossible.
  async deleteClass(className: string) {
    const operations = [
      { query: `DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $1:name`, values: [className] },
      {
        query: `DELETE FROM "_SCHEMA" WHERE "className" = $1`,
        values: [className],
      },
    ];
    return this._client
      .tx(t => t.none(this._pgp.helpers.concat(operations)))
      .then(() => className.indexOf('_Join:') != 0); // resolves with false when _Join table
  }

  // Delete all data known to this adapter. Used for testing.
  async deleteAllClasses() {
    const now = new Date().getTime();
    const helpers = this._pgp.helpers;
    debug('deleteAllClasses');

    await this._client
      .task('delete-all-classes', async t => {
        try {
          const results = await t.any('SELECT * FROM "_SCHEMA"');
          const joins = results.reduce((list: Array<string>, schema: any) => {
            return list.concat(joinTablesForSchema(schema.schema));
          }, []);
          const classes = [
            '_SCHEMA',
            '_PushStatus',
            '_JobStatus',
            '_JobSchedule',
            '_Hooks',
            '_GlobalConfig',
            '_GraphQLConfig',
            '_Audience',
            ...results.map(result => result.className),
            ...joins,
          ];
          const queries = classes.map(className => ({
            query: 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $<className:name>',
            values: { className },
          }));
          await t.tx(tx => tx.none(helpers.concat(queries)));
        } catch (error) {
          if (error.code !== PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError) {
            throw error;
          }
          // No _SCHEMA collection. Don't delete anything.
        }
      })
      .then(() => {
        debug(`deleteAllClasses done in ${new Date().getTime() - now}`);
      });
  }

  // Remove the column and all the data. For Relations, the _Join collection is handled
  // specially, this function does not delete _Join columns. It should, however, indicate
  // that the relation fields does not exist anymore. In mongo, this means removing it from
  // the _SCHEMA collection.  There should be no actual data in the collection under the same name
  // as the relation column, so it's fine to attempt to delete it. If the fields listed to be
  // deleted do not exist, this function should return successfully anyways. Checking for
  // attempts to delete non-existent fields is the responsibility of Parse Server.

  // This function is not obligated to delete fields atomically. It is given the field
  // names in a list so that databases that are capable of deleting fields atomically
  // may do so.

  // Returns a Promise.
  async deleteFields(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    fieldNames: string[]
  ): Promise<void> {
    debug('deleteFields', className, fieldNames);
    fieldNames = fieldNames.reduce((list: Array<string>, fieldName: string) => {
      const field = schema.fields[fieldName];
      if (field.type !== 'Relation') {
        list.push(fieldName);
      }
      delete schema.fields[fieldName];
      return list;
    }, []);

    const values = [className, ...fieldNames];
    const columns = fieldNames
      .map((name, idx) => {
        return `$${idx + 2}:name`;
      })
      .join(', DROP COLUMN');

    await this._client.tx('delete-fields', async t => {
      await t.none(
        'UPDATE "_SCHEMA" SET "schema" = $<schema> WHERE "className" = $<className>',
        { schema, className }
      );
      if (values.length > 1) {
        await t.none(`ALTER TABLE $1:name DROP COLUMN ${columns}`, values);
      }
    });
  }

  // Return a promise for all schemas known to this adapter, in Parse format. In case the
  // schemas cannot be retrieved, returns a promise that rejects. Requirements for the
  // rejection reason are TBD.
  async getAllClasses() {
    const self = this;
    return this._client.task('get-all-classes', async t => {
      await self._ensureSchemaCollectionExists(t);
      return await t.map('SELECT * FROM "_SCHEMA"', null, row =>
        toParseSchema({ className: row.className, ...row.schema })
      );
    });
  }

  // Return a promise for the schema with the given name, in Parse format. If
  // this adapter doesn't know about the schema, return a promise that rejects with
  // undefined as the reason.
  async getClass(className: string) {
    debug('getClass', className);
    return this._client
      .any('SELECT * FROM "_SCHEMA" WHERE "className" = $<className>', {
        className,
      })
      .then(result => {
        if (result.length !== 1) {
          throw undefined;
        }
        return result[0].schema;
      })
      .then(toParseSchema);
  }

  // TODO: remove the mongo format dependency in the return value
  async createObject(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    object: any,
    transactionalSession: ?any
  ) {
    debug('createObject', className, object);
    let columnsArray = [];
    const valuesArray = [];
    schema = toPostgresSchema(schema);
    const geoPoints = {};

    object = handleDotFields(object);

    validateKeys(object);

    Object.keys(object).forEach(fieldName => {
      if (object[fieldName] === null) {
        return;
      }
      var authDataMatch = fieldName.match(/^_auth_data_([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)$/);
      if (authDataMatch) {
        var provider = authDataMatch[1];
        object['authData'] = object['authData'] || {};
        object['authData'][provider] = object[fieldName];
        delete object[fieldName];
        fieldName = 'authData';
      }

      columnsArray.push(fieldName);
      if (!schema.fields[fieldName] && className === '_User') {
        if (
          fieldName === '_email_verify_token' ||
          fieldName === '_failed_login_count' ||
          fieldName === '_perishable_token' ||
          fieldName === '_password_history'
        ) {
          valuesArray.push(object[fieldName]);
        }

        if (fieldName === '_email_verify_token_expires_at') {
          if (object[fieldName]) {
            valuesArray.push(object[fieldName].iso);
          } else {
            valuesArray.push(null);
          }
        }

        if (
          fieldName === '_account_lockout_expires_at' ||
          fieldName === '_perishable_token_expires_at' ||
          fieldName === '_password_changed_at'
        ) {
          if (object[fieldName]) {
            valuesArray.push(object[fieldName].iso);
          } else {
            valuesArray.push(null);
          }
        }
        return;
      }
      switch (schema.fields[fieldName].type) {
        case 'Date':
          if (object[fieldName]) {
            valuesArray.push(object[fieldName].iso);
          } else {
            valuesArray.push(null);
          }
          break;
        case 'Pointer':
          valuesArray.push(object[fieldName].objectId);
          break;
        case 'Array':
          if (['_rperm', '_wperm'].indexOf(fieldName) >= 0) {
            valuesArray.push(object[fieldName]);
          } else {
            valuesArray.push(JSON.stringify(object[fieldName]));
          }
          break;
        case 'Object':
        case 'Bytes':
        case 'String':
        case 'Number':
        case 'Boolean':
          valuesArray.push(object[fieldName]);
          break;
        case 'File':
          valuesArray.push(object[fieldName].name);
          break;
        case 'Polygon': {
          const value = convertPolygonToSQL(object[fieldName].coordinates);
          valuesArray.push(value);
          break;
        }
        case 'GeoPoint':
          // pop the point and process later
          geoPoints[fieldName] = object[fieldName];
          columnsArray.pop();
          break;
        default:
          throw `Type ${schema.fields[fieldName].type} not supported yet`;
      }
    });

    columnsArray = columnsArray.concat(Object.keys(geoPoints));
    const initialValues = valuesArray.map((val, index) => {
      let termination = '';
      const fieldName = columnsArray[index];
      if (['_rperm', '_wperm'].indexOf(fieldName) >= 0) {
        termination = '::text[]';
      } else if (
        schema.fields[fieldName] &&
        schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Array'
      ) {
        termination = '::jsonb';
      }
      return `$${index + 2 + columnsArray.length}${termination}`;
    });
    const geoPointsInjects = Object.keys(geoPoints).map(key => {
      const value = geoPoints[key];
      valuesArray.push(value.longitude, value.latitude);
      const l = valuesArray.length + columnsArray.length;
      return `POINT($${l}, $${l + 1})`;
    });

    const columnsPattern = columnsArray
      .map((col, index) => `$${index + 2}:name`)
      .join();
    const valuesPattern = initialValues.concat(geoPointsInjects).join();

    const qs = `INSERT INTO $1:name (${columnsPattern}) VALUES (${valuesPattern})`;
    const values = [className, ...columnsArray, ...valuesArray];
    debug(qs, values);
    const promise = (transactionalSession
      ? transactionalSession.t
      : this._client
    )
      .none(qs, values)
      .then(() => ({ ops: [object] }))
      .catch(error => {
        if (error.code === PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError) {
          const err = new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE,
            'A duplicate value for a field with unique values was provided'
          );
          err.underlyingError = error;
          if (error.constraint) {
            const matches = error.constraint.match(/unique_([a-zA-Z]+)/);
            if (matches && Array.isArray(matches)) {
              err.userInfo = { duplicated_field: matches[1] };
            }
          }
          error = err;
        }
        throw error;
      });
    if (transactionalSession) {
      transactionalSession.batch.push(promise);
    }
    return promise;
  }

  // Remove all objects that match the given Parse Query.
  // If no objects match, reject with OBJECT_NOT_FOUND. If objects are found and deleted, resolve with undefined.
  // If there is some other error, reject with INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.
  async deleteObjectsByQuery(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    transactionalSession: ?any
  ) {
    debug('deleteObjectsByQuery', className, query);
    const values = [className];
    const index = 2;
    const where = buildWhereClause({
      schema,
      index,
      query,
      caseInsensitive: false,
    });
    values.push(...where.values);
    if (Object.keys(query).length === 0) {
      where.pattern = 'TRUE';
    }
    const qs = `WITH deleted AS (DELETE FROM $1:name WHERE ${where.pattern} RETURNING *) SELECT count(*) FROM deleted`;
    debug(qs, values);
    const promise = (transactionalSession
      ? transactionalSession.t
      : this._client
    )
      .one(qs, values, a => +a.count)
      .then(count => {
        if (count === 0) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.OBJECT_NOT_FOUND,
            'Object not found.'
          );
        } else {
          return count;
        }
      })
      .catch(error => {
        if (error.code !== PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError) {
          throw error;
        }
        // ELSE: Don't delete anything if doesn't exist
      });
    if (transactionalSession) {
      transactionalSession.batch.push(promise);
    }
    return promise;
  }
  // Return value not currently well specified.
  async findOneAndUpdate(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    update: any,
    transactionalSession: ?any
  ): Promise<any> {
    debug('findOneAndUpdate', className, query, update);
    return this.updateObjectsByQuery(
      className,
      schema,
      query,
      update,
      transactionalSession
    ).then(val => val[0]);
  }

  // Apply the update to all objects that match the given Parse Query.
  async updateObjectsByQuery(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    update: any,
    transactionalSession: ?any
  ): Promise<[any]> {
    debug('updateObjectsByQuery', className, query, update);
    const updatePatterns = [];
    const values = [className];
    let index = 2;
    schema = toPostgresSchema(schema);

    const originalUpdate = { ...update };

    // Set flag for dot notation fields
    const dotNotationOptions = {};
    Object.keys(update).forEach(fieldName => {
      if (fieldName.indexOf('.') > -1) {
        const components = fieldName.split('.');
        const first = components.shift();
        dotNotationOptions[first] = true;
      } else {
        dotNotationOptions[fieldName] = false;
      }
    });
    update = handleDotFields(update);
    // Resolve authData first,
    // So we don't end up with multiple key updates
    for (const fieldName in update) {
      const authDataMatch = fieldName.match(/^_auth_data_([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)$/);
      if (authDataMatch) {
        var provider = authDataMatch[1];
        const value = update[fieldName];
        delete update[fieldName];
        update['authData'] = update['authData'] || {};
        update['authData'][provider] = value;
      }
    }

    for (const fieldName in update) {
      const fieldValue = update[fieldName];
      // Drop any undefined values.
      if (typeof fieldValue === 'undefined') {
        delete update[fieldName];
      } else if (fieldValue === null) {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = NULL`);
        values.push(fieldName);
        index += 1;
      } else if (fieldName == 'authData') {
        // This recursively sets the json_object
        // Only 1 level deep
        const generate = (jsonb: string, key: string, value: any) => {
          return `json_object_set_key(COALESCE(${jsonb}, '{}'::jsonb), ${key}, ${value})::jsonb`;
        };
        const lastKey = `$${index}:name`;
        const fieldNameIndex = index;
        index += 1;
        values.push(fieldName);
        const update = Object.keys(fieldValue).reduce(
          (lastKey: string, key: string) => {
            const str = generate(
              lastKey,
              `$${index}::text`,
              `$${index + 1}::jsonb`
            );
            index += 2;
            let value = fieldValue[key];
            if (value) {
              if (value.__op === 'Delete') {
                value = null;
              } else {
                value = JSON.stringify(value);
              }
            }
            values.push(key, value);
            return str;
          },
          lastKey
        );
        updatePatterns.push(`$${fieldNameIndex}:name = ${update}`);
      } else if (fieldValue.__op === 'Increment') {
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = COALESCE($${index}:name, 0) + $${index + 1}`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.amount);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__op === 'Add') {
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = array_add(COALESCE($${index}:name, '[]'::jsonb), $${index +
            1}::jsonb)`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(fieldValue.objects));
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__op === 'Delete') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, null);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__op === 'Remove') {
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = array_remove(COALESCE($${index}:name, '[]'::jsonb), $${index +
            1}::jsonb)`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(fieldValue.objects));
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__op === 'AddUnique') {
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = array_add_unique(COALESCE($${index}:name, '[]'::jsonb), $${index +
            1}::jsonb)`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(fieldValue.objects));
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldName === 'updatedAt') {
        //TODO: stop special casing this. It should check for __type === 'Date' and use .iso
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
        index += 2;
      } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'string') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
        index += 2;
      } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'boolean') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'Pointer') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.objectId);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'Date') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, toPostgresValue(fieldValue));
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue instanceof Date) {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'File') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, toPostgresValue(fieldValue));
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'GeoPoint') {
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = POINT($${index + 1}, $${index + 2})`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue.longitude, fieldValue.latitude);
        index += 3;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'Polygon') {
        const value = convertPolygonToSQL(fieldValue.coordinates);
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}::polygon`);
        values.push(fieldName, value);
        index += 2;
      } else if (fieldValue.__type === 'Relation') {
        // noop
      } else if (typeof fieldValue === 'number') {
        updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
        values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
        index += 2;
      } else if (
        typeof fieldValue === 'object' &&
        schema.fields[fieldName] &&
        schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Object'
      ) {
        // Gather keys to increment
        const keysToIncrement = Object.keys(originalUpdate)
          .filter(k => {
            // choose top level fields that have a delete operation set
            // Note that Object.keys is iterating over the **original** update object
            // and that some of the keys of the original update could be null or undefined:
            // (See the above check `if (fieldValue === null || typeof fieldValue == "undefined")`)
            const value = originalUpdate[k];
            return (
              value &&
              value.__op === 'Increment' &&
              k.split('.').length === 2 &&
              k.split('.')[0] === fieldName
            );
          })
          .map(k => k.split('.')[1]);

        let incrementPatterns = '';
        if (keysToIncrement.length > 0) {
          incrementPatterns =
            ' || ' +
            keysToIncrement
              .map(c => {
                const amount = fieldValue[c].amount;
                return `CONCAT('{"${c}":', COALESCE($${index}:name->>'${c}','0')::int + ${amount}, '}')::jsonb`;
              })
              .join(' || ');
          // Strip the keys
          keysToIncrement.forEach(key => {
            delete fieldValue[key];
          });
        }

        const keysToDelete: Array<string> = Object.keys(originalUpdate)
          .filter(k => {
            // choose top level fields that have a delete operation set.
            const value = originalUpdate[k];
            return (
              value &&
              value.__op === 'Delete' &&
              k.split('.').length === 2 &&
              k.split('.')[0] === fieldName
            );
          })
          .map(k => k.split('.')[1]);

        const deletePatterns = keysToDelete.reduce(
          (p: string, c: string, i: number) => {
            return p + ` - '$${index + 1 + i}:value'`;
          },
          ''
        );
        // Override Object
        let updateObject = "'{}'::jsonb";

        if (dotNotationOptions[fieldName]) {
          // Merge Object
          updateObject = `COALESCE($${index}:name, '{}'::jsonb)`;
        }
        updatePatterns.push(
          `$${index}:name = (${updateObject} ${deletePatterns} ${incrementPatterns} || $${index +
            1 +
            keysToDelete.length}::jsonb )`
        );
        values.push(fieldName, ...keysToDelete, JSON.stringify(fieldValue));
        index += 2 + keysToDelete.length;
      } else if (
        Array.isArray(fieldValue) &&
        schema.fields[fieldName] &&
        schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Array'
      ) {
        const expectedType = parseTypeToPostgresType(schema.fields[fieldName]);
        if (expectedType === 'text[]') {
          updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}::text[]`);
          values.push(fieldName, fieldValue);
          index += 2;
        } else {
          updatePatterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}::jsonb`);
          values.push(fieldName, JSON.stringify(fieldValue));
          index += 2;
        }
      } else {
        debug('Not supported update', fieldName, fieldValue);
        return Promise.reject(
          new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.OPERATION_FORBIDDEN,
            `Postgres doesn't support update ${JSON.stringify(fieldValue)} yet`
          )
        );
      }
    }

    const where = buildWhereClause({
      schema,
      index,
      query,
      caseInsensitive: false,
    });
    values.push(...where.values);

    const whereClause =
      where.pattern.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${where.pattern}` : '';
    const qs = `UPDATE $1:name SET ${updatePatterns.join()} ${whereClause} RETURNING *`;
    debug('update: ', qs, values);
    const promise = (transactionalSession
      ? transactionalSession.t
      : this._client
    ).any(qs, values);
    if (transactionalSession) {
      transactionalSession.batch.push(promise);
    }
    return promise;
  }

  // Hopefully, we can get rid of this. It's only used for config and hooks.
  upsertOneObject(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    update: any,
    transactionalSession: ?any
  ) {
    debug('upsertOneObject', { className, query, update });
    const createValue = Object.assign({}, query, update);
    return this.createObject(
      className,
      schema,
      createValue,
      transactionalSession
    ).catch(error => {
      // ignore duplicate value errors as it's upsert
      if (error.code !== Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE) {
        throw error;
      }
      return this.findOneAndUpdate(
        className,
        schema,
        query,
        update,
        transactionalSession
      );
    });
  }

  find(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    { skip, limit, sort, keys, caseInsensitive, explain }: QueryOptions
  ) {
    debug('find', className, query, {
      skip,
      limit,
      sort,
      keys,
      caseInsensitive,
      explain,
    });
    const hasLimit = limit !== undefined;
    const hasSkip = skip !== undefined;
    let values = [className];
    const where = buildWhereClause({
      schema,
      query,
      index: 2,
      caseInsensitive,
    });
    values.push(...where.values);

    const wherePattern =
      where.pattern.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${where.pattern}` : '';
    const limitPattern = hasLimit ? `LIMIT $${values.length + 1}` : '';
    if (hasLimit) {
      values.push(limit);
    }
    const skipPattern = hasSkip ? `OFFSET $${values.length + 1}` : '';
    if (hasSkip) {
      values.push(skip);
    }

    let sortPattern = '';
    if (sort) {
      const sortCopy: any = sort;
      const sorting = Object.keys(sort)
        .map(key => {
          const transformKey = transformDotFieldToComponents(key).join('->');
          // Using $idx pattern gives:  non-integer constant in ORDER BY
          if (sortCopy[key] === 1) {
            return `${transformKey} ASC`;
          }
          return `${transformKey} DESC`;
        })
        .join();
      sortPattern =
        sort !== undefined && Object.keys(sort).length > 0
          ? `ORDER BY ${sorting}`
          : '';
    }
    if (where.sorts && Object.keys((where.sorts: any)).length > 0) {
      sortPattern = `ORDER BY ${where.sorts.join()}`;
    }

    let columns = '*';
    if (keys) {
      // Exclude empty keys
      // Replace ACL by it's keys
      keys = keys.reduce((memo, key) => {
        if (key === 'ACL') {
          memo.push('_rperm');
          memo.push('_wperm');
        } else if (key.length > 0) {
          memo.push(key);
        }
        return memo;
      }, []);
      columns = keys
        .map((key, index) => {
          if (key === '$score') {
            return `ts_rank_cd(to_tsvector($${2}, $${3}:name), to_tsquery($${4}, $${5}), 32) as score`;
          }
          return `$${index + values.length + 1}:name`;
        })
        .join();
      values = values.concat(keys);
    }

    const originalQuery = `SELECT ${columns} FROM $1:name ${wherePattern} ${sortPattern} ${limitPattern} ${skipPattern}`;
    const qs = explain ? this.createExplainableQuery(originalQuery) : originalQuery;
    debug(qs, values);
    return this._client
      .any(qs, values)
      .catch(error => {
        // Query on non existing table, don't crash
        if (error.code !== PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError) {
          throw error;
        }
        return [];
      })
      .then(results => {
        if (explain){
          return results;
        }
        return results.map(object =>
          this.postgresObjectToParseObject(className, object, schema)
        );}
      );
  }

  // Converts from a postgres-format object to a REST-format object.
  // Does not strip out anything based on a lack of authentication.
  postgresObjectToParseObject(className: string, object: any, schema: any) {
    Object.keys(schema.fields).forEach(fieldName => {
      if (schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Pointer' && object[fieldName]) {
        object[fieldName] = {
          objectId: object[fieldName],
          __type: 'Pointer',
          className: schema.fields[fieldName].targetClass,
        };
      }
      if (schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Relation') {
        object[fieldName] = {
          __type: 'Relation',
          className: schema.fields[fieldName].targetClass,
        };
      }
      if (object[fieldName] && schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'GeoPoint') {
        object[fieldName] = {
          __type: 'GeoPoint',
          latitude: object[fieldName].y,
          longitude: object[fieldName].x,
        };
      }
      if (object[fieldName] && schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Polygon') {
        let coords = object[fieldName];
        coords = coords.substr(2, coords.length - 4).split('),(');
        coords = coords.map(point => {
          return [
            parseFloat(point.split(',')[1]),
            parseFloat(point.split(',')[0]),
          ];
        });
        object[fieldName] = {
          __type: 'Polygon',
          coordinates: coords,
        };
      }
      if (object[fieldName] && schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'File') {
        object[fieldName] = {
          __type: 'File',
          name: object[fieldName],
        };
      }
    });
    //TODO: remove this reliance on the mongo format. DB adapter shouldn't know there is a difference between created at and any other date field.
    if (object.createdAt) {
      object.createdAt = object.createdAt.toISOString();
    }
    if (object.updatedAt) {
      object.updatedAt = object.updatedAt.toISOString();
    }
    if (object.expiresAt) {
      object.expiresAt = {
        __type: 'Date',
        iso: object.expiresAt.toISOString(),
      };
    }
    if (object._email_verify_token_expires_at) {
      object._email_verify_token_expires_at = {
        __type: 'Date',
        iso: object._email_verify_token_expires_at.toISOString(),
      };
    }
    if (object._account_lockout_expires_at) {
      object._account_lockout_expires_at = {
        __type: 'Date',
        iso: object._account_lockout_expires_at.toISOString(),
      };
    }
    if (object._perishable_token_expires_at) {
      object._perishable_token_expires_at = {
        __type: 'Date',
        iso: object._perishable_token_expires_at.toISOString(),
      };
    }
    if (object._password_changed_at) {
      object._password_changed_at = {
        __type: 'Date',
        iso: object._password_changed_at.toISOString(),
      };
    }

    for (const fieldName in object) {
      if (object[fieldName] === null) {
        delete object[fieldName];
      }
      if (object[fieldName] instanceof Date) {
        object[fieldName] = {
          __type: 'Date',
          iso: object[fieldName].toISOString(),
        };
      }
    }

    return object;
  }

  // Create a unique index. Unique indexes on nullable fields are not allowed. Since we don't
  // currently know which fields are nullable and which aren't, we ignore that criteria.
  // As such, we shouldn't expose this function to users of parse until we have an out-of-band
  // Way of determining if a field is nullable. Undefined doesn't count against uniqueness,
  // which is why we use sparse indexes.
  async ensureUniqueness(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    fieldNames: string[]
  ) {
    // Use the same name for every ensureUniqueness attempt, because postgres
    // Will happily create the same index with multiple names.
    const constraintName = `unique_${fieldNames.sort().join('_')}`;
    const constraintPatterns = fieldNames.map(
      (fieldName, index) => `$${index + 3}:name`
    );
    const qs = `ALTER TABLE $1:name ADD CONSTRAINT $2:name UNIQUE (${constraintPatterns.join()})`;
    return this._client
      .none(qs, [className, constraintName, ...fieldNames])
      .catch(error => {
        if (
          error.code === PostgresDuplicateRelationError &&
          error.message.includes(constraintName)
        ) {
          // Index already exists. Ignore error.
        } else if (
          error.code === PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError &&
          error.message.includes(constraintName)
        ) {
          // Cast the error into the proper parse error
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE,
            'A duplicate value for a field with unique values was provided'
          );
        } else {
          throw error;
        }
      });
  }

  // Executes a count.
  async count(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    readPreference?: string,
    estimate?: boolean = true
  ) {
    debug('count', className, query, readPreference, estimate);
    const values = [className];
    const where = buildWhereClause({
      schema,
      query,
      index: 2,
      caseInsensitive: false,
    });
    values.push(...where.values);

    const wherePattern =
      where.pattern.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${where.pattern}` : '';
    let qs = '';

    if (where.pattern.length > 0 || !estimate) {
      qs = `SELECT count(*) FROM $1:name ${wherePattern}`;
    } else {
      qs =
        'SELECT reltuples AS approximate_row_count FROM pg_class WHERE relname = $1';
    }

    return this._client
      .one(qs, values, a => {
        if (a.approximate_row_count != null) {
          return +a.approximate_row_count;
        } else {
          return +a.count;
        }
      })
      .catch(error => {
        if (error.code !== PostgresRelationDoesNotExistError) {
          throw error;
        }
        return 0;
      });
  }

  async distinct(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    query: QueryType,
    fieldName: string
  ) {
    debug('distinct', className, query);
    let field = fieldName;
    let column = fieldName;
    const isNested = fieldName.indexOf('.') >= 0;
    if (isNested) {
      field = transformDotFieldToComponents(fieldName).join('->');
      column = fieldName.split('.')[0];
    }
    const isArrayField =
      schema.fields &&
      schema.fields[fieldName] &&
      schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Array';
    const isPointerField =
      schema.fields &&
      schema.fields[fieldName] &&
      schema.fields[fieldName].type === 'Pointer';
    const values = [field, column, className];
    const where = buildWhereClause({
      schema,
      query,
      index: 4,
      caseInsensitive: false,
    });
    values.push(...where.values);

    const wherePattern =
      where.pattern.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${where.pattern}` : '';
    const transformer = isArrayField ? 'jsonb_array_elements' : 'ON';
    let qs = `SELECT DISTINCT ${transformer}($1:name) $2:name FROM $3:name ${wherePattern}`;
    if (isNested) {
      qs = `SELECT DISTINCT ${transformer}($1:raw) $2:raw FROM $3:name ${wherePattern}`;
    }
    debug(qs, values);
    return this._client
      .any(qs, values)
      .catch(error => {
        if (error.code === PostgresMissingColumnError) {
          return [];
        }
        throw error;
      })
      .then(results => {
        if (!isNested) {
          results = results.filter(object => object[field] !== null);
          return results.map(object => {
            if (!isPointerField) {
              return object[field];
            }
            return {
              __type: 'Pointer',
              className: schema.fields[fieldName].targetClass,
              objectId: object[field],
            };
          });
        }
        const child = fieldName.split('.')[1];
        return results.map(object => object[column][child]);
      })
      .then(results =>
        results.map(object =>
          this.postgresObjectToParseObject(className, object, schema)
        )
      );
  }

  async aggregate(
    className: string,
    schema: any,
    pipeline: any,
    readPreference: ?string,
    hint: ?mixed,
    explain?: boolean) {
    debug('aggregate', className, pipeline, readPreference, hint, explain);
    const values = [className];
    let index: number = 2;
    let columns: string[] = [];
    let countField = null;
    let groupValues = null;
    let wherePattern = '';
    let limitPattern = '';
    let skipPattern = '';
    let sortPattern = '';
    let groupPattern = '';
    for (let i = 0; i < pipeline.length; i += 1) {
      const stage = pipeline[i];
      if (stage.$group) {
        for (const field in stage.$group) {
          const value = stage.$group[field];
          if (value === null || value === undefined) {
            continue;
          }
          if (field === '_id' && typeof value === 'string' && value !== '') {
            columns.push(`$${index}:name AS "objectId"`);
            groupPattern = `GROUP BY $${index}:name`;
            values.push(transformAggregateField(value));
            index += 1;
            continue;
          }
          if (
            field === '_id' &&
            typeof value === 'object' &&
            Object.keys(value).length !== 0
          ) {
            groupValues = value;
            const groupByFields = [];
            for (const alias in value) {
              if (typeof value[alias] === 'string' && value[alias]) {
                const source = transformAggregateField(value[alias]);
                if (!groupByFields.includes(`"${source}"`)) {
                  groupByFields.push(`"${source}"`);
                }
                values.push(source, alias);
                columns.push(`$${index}:name AS $${index + 1}:name`);
                index += 2;
              } else {
                const operation = Object.keys(value[alias])[0];
                const source = transformAggregateField(value[alias][operation]);
                if (mongoAggregateToPostgres[operation]) {
                  if (!groupByFields.includes(`"${source}"`)) {
                    groupByFields.push(`"${source}"`);
                  }
                  columns.push(
                    `EXTRACT(${
                      mongoAggregateToPostgres[operation]
                    } FROM $${index}:name AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') AS $${index +
                      1}:name`
                  );
                  values.push(source, alias);
                  index += 2;
                }
              }
            }
            groupPattern = `GROUP BY $${index}:raw`;
            values.push(groupByFields.join());
            index += 1;
            continue;
          }
          if (typeof value === 'object') {
            if (value.$sum) {
              if (typeof value.$sum === 'string') {
                columns.push(`SUM($${index}:name) AS $${index + 1}:name`);
                values.push(transformAggregateField(value.$sum), field);
                index += 2;
              } else {
                countField = field;
                columns.push(`COUNT(*) AS $${index}:name`);
                values.push(field);
                index += 1;
              }
            }
            if (value.$max) {
              columns.push(`MAX($${index}:name) AS $${index + 1}:name`);
              values.push(transformAggregateField(value.$max), field);
              index += 2;
            }
            if (value.$min) {
              columns.push(`MIN($${index}:name) AS $${index + 1}:name`);
              values.push(transformAggregateField(value.$min), field);
              index += 2;
            }
            if (value.$avg) {
              columns.push(`AVG($${index}:name) AS $${index + 1}:name`);
              values.push(transformAggregateField(value.$avg), field);
              index += 2;
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        columns.push('*');
      }
      if (stage.$project) {
        if (columns.includes('*')) {
          columns = [];
        }
        for (const field in stage.$project) {
          const value = stage.$project[field];
          if (value === 1 || value === true) {
            columns.push(`$${index}:name`);
            values.push(field);
            index += 1;
          }
        }
      }
      if (stage.$match) {
        const patterns = [];
        const orOrAnd = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
          stage.$match,
          '$or'
        )
          ? ' OR '
          : ' AND ';

        if (stage.$match.$or) {
          const collapse = {};
          stage.$match.$or.forEach(element => {
            for (const key in element) {
              collapse[key] = element[key];
            }
          });
          stage.$match = collapse;
        }
        for (const field in stage.$match) {
          const value = stage.$match[field];
          const matchPatterns = [];
          Object.keys(ParseToPosgresComparator).forEach(cmp => {
            if (value[cmp]) {
              const pgComparator = ParseToPosgresComparator[cmp];
              matchPatterns.push(
                `$${index}:name ${pgComparator} $${index + 1}`
              );
              values.push(field, toPostgresValue(value[cmp]));
              index += 2;
            }
          });
          if (matchPatterns.length > 0) {
            patterns.push(`(${matchPatterns.join(' AND ')})`);
          }
          if (
            schema.fields[field] &&
            schema.fields[field].type &&
            matchPatterns.length === 0
          ) {
            patterns.push(`$${index}:name = $${index + 1}`);
            values.push(field, value);
            index += 2;
          }
        }
        wherePattern =
          patterns.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${patterns.join(` ${orOrAnd} `)}` : '';
      }
      if (stage.$limit) {
        limitPattern = `LIMIT $${index}`;
        values.push(stage.$limit);
        index += 1;
      }
      if (stage.$skip) {
        skipPattern = `OFFSET $${index}`;
        values.push(stage.$skip);
        index += 1;
      }
      if (stage.$sort) {
        const sort = stage.$sort;
        const keys = Object.keys(sort);
        const sorting = keys
          .map(key => {
            const transformer = sort[key] === 1 ? 'ASC' : 'DESC';
            const order = `$${index}:name ${transformer}`;
            index += 1;
            return order;
          })
          .join();
        values.push(...keys);
        sortPattern =
          sort !== undefined && sorting.length > 0 ? `ORDER BY ${sorting}` : '';
      }
    }
    const originalQuery = `SELECT ${columns.join()} FROM $1:name ${wherePattern} ${sortPattern} ${limitPattern} ${skipPattern} ${groupPattern}`;
    const qs = explain ? this.createExplainableQuery(originalQuery) : originalQuery;
    debug(qs, values);
    return this._client
      .any(qs, values)
      .then(a => {
        if (explain){
          return a;
        }
        const results =  a.map(object =>
          this.postgresObjectToParseObject(className, object, schema)
        );
        results.forEach(result => {
          if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(result, 'objectId')) {
            result.objectId = null;
          }
          if (groupValues) {
            result.objectId = {};
            for (const key in groupValues) {
              result.objectId[key] = result[key];
              delete result[key];
            }
          }
          if (countField) {
            result[countField] = parseInt(result[countField], 10);
          }
        });
        return results;
      });
  }

  async performInitialization({ VolatileClassesSchemas }: any) {
    // TODO: This method needs to be rewritten to make proper use of connections (@vitaly-t)
    debug('performInitialization');
    const promises = VolatileClassesSchemas.map(schema => {
      return this.createTable(schema.className, schema)
        .catch(err => {
          if (
            err.code === PostgresDuplicateRelationError ||
            err.code === Parse.Error.INVALID_CLASS_NAME
          ) {
            return Promise.resolve();
          }
          throw err;
        })
        .then(() => this.schemaUpgrade(schema.className, schema));
    });
    return Promise.all(promises)
      .then(() => {
        return this._client.tx('perform-initialization', t => {
          return t.batch([
            t.none(sql.misc.jsonObjectSetKeys),
            t.none(sql.array.add),
            t.none(sql.array.addUnique),
            t.none(sql.array.remove),
            t.none(sql.array.containsAll),
            t.none(sql.array.containsAllRegex),
            t.none(sql.array.contains),
          ]);
        });
      })
      .then(data => {
        debug(`initializationDone in ${data.duration}`);
      })
      .catch(error => {
        /* eslint-disable no-console */
        console.error(error);
      });
  }

  async createIndexes(
    className: string,
    indexes: any,
    conn: ?any
  ): Promise<void> {
    return (conn || this._client).tx(t =>
      t.batch(
        indexes.map(i => {
          return t.none('CREATE INDEX $1:name ON $2:name ($3:name)', [
            i.name,
            className,
            i.key,
          ]);
        })
      )
    );
  }

  async createIndexesIfNeeded(
    className: string,
    fieldName: string,
    type: any,
    conn: ?any
  ): Promise<void> {
    await (
      conn || this._client
    ).none('CREATE INDEX $1:name ON $2:name ($3:name)', [
      fieldName,
      className,
      type,
    ]);
  }

  async dropIndexes(className: string, indexes: any, conn: any): Promise<void> {
    const queries = indexes.map(i => ({
      query: 'DROP INDEX $1:name',
      values: i,
    }));
    await (conn || this._client).tx(t =>
      t.none(this._pgp.helpers.concat(queries))
    );
  }

  async getIndexes(className: string) {
    const qs = 'SELECT * FROM pg_indexes WHERE tablename = ${className}';
    return this._client.any(qs, { className });
  }

  async updateSchemaWithIndexes(): Promise<void> {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  // Used for testing purposes
  async updateEstimatedCount(className: string) {
    return this._client.none('ANALYZE $1:name', [className]);
  }

  async createTransactionalSession(): Promise<any> {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      const transactionalSession = {};
      transactionalSession.result = this._client.tx(t => {
        transactionalSession.t = t;
        transactionalSession.promise = new Promise(resolve => {
          transactionalSession.resolve = resolve;
        });
        transactionalSession.batch = [];
        resolve(transactionalSession);
        return transactionalSession.promise;
      });
    });
  }

  commitTransactionalSession(transactionalSession: any): Promise<void> {
    transactionalSession.resolve(
      transactionalSession.t.batch(transactionalSession.batch)
    );
    return transactionalSession.result;
  }

  abortTransactionalSession(transactionalSession: any): Promise<void> {
    const result = transactionalSession.result.catch();
    transactionalSession.batch.push(Promise.reject());
    transactionalSession.resolve(
      transactionalSession.t.batch(transactionalSession.batch)
    );
    return result;
  }

  async ensureIndex(
    className: string,
    schema: SchemaType,
    fieldNames: string[],
    indexName: ?string,
    caseInsensitive: boolean = false,
    conn: ?any = null
  ): Promise<any> {

    conn = conn != null ? conn : this._client;
    const defaultIndexName = `parse_default_${fieldNames.sort().join('_')}`;
    const indexNameOptions: Object = indexName != null ? { name: indexName } : { name: defaultIndexName };
    const constraintPatterns =  caseInsensitive ? fieldNames.map((fieldName, index) => `lower($${index + 3}:name) varchar_pattern_ops`) :
      fieldNames.map((fieldName, index) => `$${index + 3}:name`);
    const qs = `CREATE INDEX $1:name ON $2:name (${constraintPatterns.join()})`;
    await conn.none(qs, [indexNameOptions.name, className, ...fieldNames])
      .catch(error => {
        if (
          error.code === PostgresDuplicateRelationError &&
          error.message.includes(indexNameOptions.name)
        ) {
          // Index already exists. Ignore error.
        } else if (
          error.code === PostgresUniqueIndexViolationError &&
          error.message.includes(indexNameOptions.name)
        ) {
          // Cast the error into the proper parse error
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE,
            'A duplicate value for a field with unique values was provided'
          );
        } else {
          throw error;
        }
      });
  }
}

function convertPolygonToSQL(polygon) {
  if (polygon.length < 3) {
    throw new Parse.Error(
      Parse.Error.INVALID_JSON,
      `Polygon must have at least 3 values`
    );
  }
  if (
    polygon[0][0] !== polygon[polygon.length - 1][0] ||
    polygon[0][1] !== polygon[polygon.length - 1][1]
  ) {
    polygon.push(polygon[0]);
  }
  const unique = polygon.filter((item, index, ar) => {
    let foundIndex = -1;
    for (let i = 0; i < ar.length; i += 1) {
      const pt = ar[i];
      if (pt[0] === item[0] && pt[1] === item[1]) {
        foundIndex = i;
        break;
      }
    }
    return foundIndex === index;
  });
  if (unique.length < 3) {
    throw new Parse.Error(
      Parse.Error.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
      'GeoJSON: Loop must have at least 3 different vertices'
    );
  }
  const points = polygon
    .map(point => {
      Parse.GeoPoint._validate(parseFloat(point[1]), parseFloat(point[0]));
      return `(${point[1]}, ${point[0]})`;
    })
    .join(', ');
  return `(${points})`;
}

function removeWhiteSpace(regex) {
  if (!regex.endsWith('\n')) {
    regex += '\n';
  }

  // remove non escaped comments
  return (
    regex
      .replace(/([^\\])#.*\n/gim, '$1')
      // remove lines starting with a comment
      .replace(/^#.*\n/gim, '')
      // remove non escaped whitespace
      .replace(/([^\\])\s+/gim, '$1')
      // remove whitespace at the beginning of a line
      .replace(/^\s+/, '')
      .trim()
  );
}

function processRegexPattern(s) {
  if (s && s.startsWith('^')) {
    // regex for startsWith
    return '^' + literalizeRegexPart(s.slice(1));
  } else if (s && s.endsWith('$')) {
    // regex for endsWith
    return literalizeRegexPart(s.slice(0, s.length - 1)) + '$';
  }

  // regex for contains
  return literalizeRegexPart(s);
}

function isStartsWithRegex(value) {
  if (!value || typeof value !== 'string' || !value.startsWith('^')) {
    return false;
  }

  const matches = value.match(/\^\\Q.*\\E/);
  return !!matches;
}

function isAllValuesRegexOrNone(values) {
  if (!values || !Array.isArray(values) || values.length === 0) {
    return true;
  }

  const firstValuesIsRegex = isStartsWithRegex(values[0].$regex);
  if (values.length === 1) {
    return firstValuesIsRegex;
  }

  for (let i = 1, length = values.length; i < length; ++i) {
    if (firstValuesIsRegex !== isStartsWithRegex(values[i].$regex)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

function isAnyValueRegexStartsWith(values) {
  return values.some(function(value) {
    return isStartsWithRegex(value.$regex);
  });
}

function createLiteralRegex(remaining) {
  return remaining
    .split('')
    .map(c => {
      const regex = RegExp('[0-9 ]|\\p{L}', 'u'); // Support all unicode letter chars
      if (c.match(regex) !== null) {
        // don't escape alphanumeric characters
        return c;
      }
      // escape everything else (single quotes with single quotes, everything else with a backslash)
      return c === `'` ? `''` : `\\${c}`;
    })
    .join('');
}

function literalizeRegexPart(s: string) {
  const matcher1 = /\\Q((?!\\E).*)\\E$/;
  const result1: any = s.match(matcher1);
  if (result1 && result1.length > 1 && result1.index > -1) {
    // process regex that has a beginning and an end specified for the literal text
    const prefix = s.substr(0, result1.index);
    const remaining = result1[1];

    return literalizeRegexPart(prefix) + createLiteralRegex(remaining);
  }

  // process regex that has a beginning specified for the literal text
  const matcher2 = /\\Q((?!\\E).*)$/;
  const result2: any = s.match(matcher2);
  if (result2 && result2.length > 1 && result2.index > -1) {
    const prefix = s.substr(0, result2.index);
    const remaining = result2[1];

    return literalizeRegexPart(prefix) + createLiteralRegex(remaining);
  }

  // remove all instances of \Q and \E from the remaining text & escape single quotes
  return s
    .replace(/([^\\])(\\E)/, '$1')
    .replace(/([^\\])(\\Q)/, '$1')
    .replace(/^\\E/, '')
    .replace(/^\\Q/, '')
    .replace(/([^'])'/, `$1''`)
    .replace(/^'([^'])/, `''$1`);
}

var GeoPointCoder = {
  isValidJSON(value) {
    return (
      typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && value.__type === 'GeoPoint'
    );
  },
};

export default PostgresStorageAdapter;