Building .pex files¶
You can build .pex files using the pex utility, which is made available when you pip install pex.
Do this within a virtualenv, then you can use pex to bootstrap itself:
$ pex pex requests -c pex -o ~/bin/pex
This command creates a pex file containing pex and requests, using the console script named “pex”, saving it in ~/bin/pex. At this point, assuming ~/bin is on your $PATH, then you can use pex in or outside of any virtualenv.
The second easiest way to build .pex files is using the bdist_pex setuptools command
which is available if you pip install pex. For example, to clone and build pip from source:
$ git clone https://github.com/pypa/pip && cd pip
$ python setup.py bdist_pex
running bdist_pex
Writing pip to dist/pip-7.2.0.dev0.pex
Both are described in more detail below.
Invoking the pex utility¶
The pex utility has no required arguments and by default will construct an empty environment
and invoke it. When no entry point is specified, “invocation” means starting an interpreter:
$ pex
Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 20 2017, 03:52:27)
[GCC 7.1.1 20170630] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
This creates an ephemeral environment that only exists for the duration of the pex command invocation
and is garbage collected immediately on exit.
You can tailor which interpreter is used by specifying --python=PATH. PATH can be either the
absolute path of a Python binary or the name of a Python interpreter within the environment, e.g.:
$ pex
Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 20 2017, 03:52:27)
[GCC 7.1.1 20170630] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> print "This won't work!"
File "<console>", line 1
print "This won't work!"
^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'
>>>
$ pex --python=python2.7
Python 2.7.13 (default, Jul 21 2017, 03:24:34)
[GCC 7.1.1 20170630] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> print "This works."
This works.
Specifying requirements¶
Requirements are specified using the same form as expected by pip and setuptools, e.g.
flask, setuptools==2.1.2, Django>=1.4,<1.6. These are specified as arguments to pex
and any number (including 0) may be specified. For example, to start an environment with flask
and psutil>1:
$ pex flask 'psutil>1'
Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 20 2017, 03:52:27)
[GCC 7.1.1 20170630] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
You can then import and manipulate modules like you would otherwise:
>>> import flask
>>> import psutil
>>> ...
Requirements can also be specified using the requirements.txt format, using pex -r. This can be a handy
way to freeze a virtualenv into a PEX file:
$ pex -r <(pip freeze) -o my_application.pex
Specifying entry points¶
Entry points define how the environment is executed and may be specified in one of three ways.
pex <options> – script.py¶
As mentioned above, if no entry points are specified, the default behavior is to emulate an interpreter. First we create a simple flask application:
$ cat <<EOF > flask_hello_world.py
> from flask import Flask
> app = Flask(__name__)
>
> @app.route('/')
> def hello_world():
> return 'hello world!'
>
> app.run()
> EOF
Then, like an interpreter, if a source file is specified as a parameter to pex, it is invoked:
$ pex flask -- ./flask_hello_world.py
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/
pex -m¶
Your code may be within the PEX file or it may be some predetermined entry point
within the standard library. pex -m behaves very similarly to python -m. Consider
python -m pydoc:
$ python -m pydoc
pydoc - the Python documentation tool
pydoc.py <name> ...
Show text documentation on something. <name> may be the name of a
Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
...
This can be emulated using the pex tool using -m pydoc:
$ pex -m pydoc
pydoc - the Python documentation tool
tmpInGItD <name> ...
Show text documentation on something. <name> may be the name of a
Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
...
Arguments will be passed unescaped following -- on the command line. So in order to
get pydoc help on the flask.app package in Flask:
$ pex flask -m pydoc -- flask.app
Help on module flask.app in flask:
NAME
flask.app
FILE
/private/var/folders/rd/_tjz8zts3g14md1kmf38z6w80000gn/T/tmp3PCy5a/.deps/Flask-0.10.1-py2-none-any.whl/flask/app.py
DESCRIPTION
flask.app
~~~~~~~~~
and so forth.
Entry points can also take the form package:target, such as sphinx:main or fabric.main:main for Sphinx
and Fabric respectively. This is roughly equivalent to running a script that does from package import target; target().
This can be a powerful way to invoke Python applications without ever having to pip install
anything, for example a one-off invocation of Sphinx with the readthedocs theme available:
$ pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme -e sphinx:main -- --help
Sphinx v1.2.2
Usage: /var/folders/4d/9tz0cd5n2n7947xs21gspsxc0000gp/T/tmpLr8ibZ [options] sourcedir outdir [filenames...]
General options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-b <builder> builder to use; default is html
-a write all files; default is to only write new and changed files
-E don't use a saved environment, always read all files
...
pex -c¶
If you don’t know the package:target for the console scripts of
your favorite python packages, pex allows you to use -c to specify a console script as defined
by the distribution. For example, Fabric provides the fab tool when pip installed:
$ pex Fabric -c fab -- --help
Fatal error: Couldn't find any fabfiles!
Remember that -f can be used to specify fabfile path, and use -h for help.
Aborting.
Even scripts defined by the “scripts” section of a distribution can be used, e.g. with boto:
$ pex boto -c mturk
usage: mturk [-h] [-P] [--nicknames PATH]
{bal,hit,hits,new,extend,expire,rm,as,approve,reject,unreject,bonus,notify,give-qual,revoke-qual}
...
mturk: error: too few arguments
Note: If you run pex -c and come across an error similar to
pex.pex_builder.InvalidExecutableSpecification: Could not find script 'mainscript.py' in any distribution within PEX!,
double-check your setup.py and ensure that mainscript.py is included
in your setup’s scripts array. If you are using console_scripts and
run into this error, double check your console_scripts syntax - further
information for both scripts and console_scripts can be found in the
Python packaging documentation.
Saving .pex files¶
Each of the commands above have been manipulating ephemeral PEX environments – environments that only exist for the duration of the pex command lifetime and immediately garbage collected.
If the -o PATH option is specified, a PEX file of the environment is saved to disk at PATH. For example
we can package a standalone Sphinx as above:
$ pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme -c sphinx -o sphinx.pex
Instead of executing the environment, it is saved to disk:
$ ls -l sphinx.pex
-rwxr-xr-x 1 wickman wheel 4988494 Mar 11 17:48 sphinx.pex
This is an executable environment and can be executed as before:
$ ./sphinx.pex --help
Sphinx v1.2.2
Usage: ./sphinx.pex [options] sourcedir outdir [filenames...]
General options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-b <builder> builder to use; default is html
-a write all files; default is to only write new and changed files
-E don't use a saved environment, always read all files
...
As before, entry points are not required, and if not specified the PEX will default to just dropping into
an interpreter. If an alternate interpreter is specified with --python, e.g. pypy, it will be the
default hashbang in the PEX file:
$ pex --python=pypy flask -o flask-pypy.pex
The hashbang of the PEX file specifies PyPy:
$ head -1 flask-pypy.pex
#!/usr/bin/env pypy
and when invoked uses the environment PyPy:
$ ./flask-pypy.pex
Python 2.7.3 (87aa9de10f9c, Nov 24 2013, 20:57:21)
[PyPy 2.2.1 with GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.2.79)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> import flask
To specify an explicit Python shebang line (e.g. from a non-standard location or not on $PATH),
you can use the --python-shebang option:
$ dist/pex --python-shebang='/Users/wickman/Python/CPython-3.4.2/bin/python3.4' -o my.pex
$ head -1 my.pex
#!/Users/wickman/Python/CPython-3.4.2/bin/python3.4
Furthermore, this can be manipulated at runtime using the PEX_PYTHON environment variable.
Tailoring requirement resolution¶
In general, pex honors the same options as pip when it comes to resolving packages. Like pip,
by default pex fetches artifacts from PyPI. This can be disabled with --no-index.
If PyPI fetching is disabled, you will need to specify a search repository via -f/--find-links.
This may be a directory on disk or a remote simple http server.
For example, you can delegate artifact fetching and resolution to pip wheel for whatever
reason – perhaps you’re running a firewalled mirror – but continue to package with pex:
$ pip wheel -w /tmp/wheelhouse sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme
$ pex -f /tmp/wheelhouse --no-index -e sphinx:main -o sphinx.pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme
Tailoring PEX execution at build time¶
There are a few options that can tailor how PEX environments are invoked. These can be found
by running pex --help. Every flag mentioned here has a corresponding environment variable
that can be used to override the runtime behavior which can be set directly in your environment,
or sourced from a .pexrc file (checking for ~/.pexrc first, then for a relative .pexrc).
--zip-safe/--not-zip-safe¶
Whether or not to treat the environment as zip-safe. By default PEX files are listed as zip safe.
If --not-zip-safe is specified, the source of the PEX will be written to disk prior to
invocation rather than imported via the zipimporter. NOTE: Distribution zip-safe bits will still
be honored even if the PEX is marked as zip-safe. For example, included .eggs may be marked as
zip-safe and invoked without the need to write to disk. Wheels are always marked as not-zip-safe
and written to disk prior to PEX invocation. --not-zip-safe forces --always-write-cache.
--always-write-cache¶
Always write all packaged dependencies within the PEX to disk prior to invocation. This forces the zip-safe bit of any dependency to be ignored.
--inherit-path¶
By default, PEX environments are completely scrubbed empty of any packages installed on the global site path.
Setting --inherit-path allows packages within site-packages to be considered as candidate distributions
to be included for the execution of this environment. This is strongly discouraged as it circumvents one of
the biggest benefits of using .pex files, however there are some cases where it can be advantageous (for example
if a package does not package correctly an an egg or wheel.)
--ignore-errors¶
If not all of the PEX environment’s dependencies resolve correctly (e.g. you are overriding the current
Python interpreter with PEX_PYTHON) this forces the PEX file to execute despite this. Can be useful
in certain situations when particular extensions may not be necessary to run a particular command.
--platform¶
The platform to build the pex for. Right now it defaults to the current system, but you can specify
something like linux-x86_64 or macosx-10.6-x86_64. This will look for bdists for the particular platform.
To resolve wheels for specific interpreter/platform tags, you can append them to the platform name with hyphens
like PLATFORM-IMPL-PYVER-ABI, where PLATFORM is the platform (e.g. linux-x86_64,
macosx-10.4-x86_64), IMPL is the python implementation abbreviation (e.g. cp, pp, jp), PYVER
is a two-digit string representing the python version (e.g., 36) and ABI is the ABI tag (e.g., cp36m,
cp27mu, abi3, none). A complete example: linux_x86_64-cp-36-cp36m.
Tailoring PEX execution at runtime¶
Tailoring of PEX execution can be done at runtime by setting various environment variables. The source of truth for these environment variables can be found in the pex.variables API.
Using bdist_pex¶
pex provides a convenience command for use in setuptools. python setup.py
bdist_pex is a simple way to build executables for Python projects that
adhere to standard naming conventions.
bdist_pex¶
The default behavior of bdist_pex is to build an executable using the
console script of the same name as the package. For example, pip has three
entry points: pip, pip2 and pip2.7 if you’re using Python 2.7. Since
there exists an entry point named pip in the console_scripts section
of the entry points, that entry point is chosen and an executable pex is produced. The pex file
will have the version number appended, e.g. pip-7.2.0.pex.
If no console scripts are provided, or the only console scripts available do not bear the same name as the package, then an environment pex will be produced. An environment pex is a pex file that drops you into an interpreter with all necessary dependencies but stops short of invoking a specific module or function.
bdist_pex --bdist-all¶
If you would like to build all the console scripts defined in the package instead of
just the namesake script, --bdist-all will write all defined entry_points but omit
version numbers and the .pex suffix. This can be useful if you would like to
virtually install a Python package somewhere on your $PATH without doing something
scary like sudo pip install:
$ git clone https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx && cd sphinx
$ python setup.py bist_pex --bdist-all --bdist-dir=$HOME/bin
running bdist_pex
Writing sphinx-apidoc to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-apidoc
Writing sphinx-build to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-build
Writing sphinx-quickstart to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-quickstart
Writing sphinx-autogen to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-autogen
$ sphinx-apidoc --help | head -1
Usage: sphinx-apidoc [options] -o <output_path> <module_path> [exclude_path, ...]