diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v0.24.2.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v0.24.2.rst
index c95ed818c9da0..b0f287cf0b9f6 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v0.24.2.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v0.24.2.rst
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ Bug Fixes
 **I/O**
 
 - Bug in reading a HDF5 table-format ``DataFrame`` created in Python 2, in Python 3 (:issue:`24925`)
+- Bug in reading a JSON with ``orient='table'`` generated by :meth:`DataFrame.to_json` with ``index=False`` (:issue:`25170`)
 - Bug where float indexes could have misaligned values when printing (:issue:`25061`)
 -
 
diff --git a/pandas/io/json/table_schema.py b/pandas/io/json/table_schema.py
index 2bd93b19d4225..971386c91944e 100644
--- a/pandas/io/json/table_schema.py
+++ b/pandas/io/json/table_schema.py
@@ -314,12 +314,13 @@ def parse_table_schema(json, precise_float):
 
     df = df.astype(dtypes)
 
-    df = df.set_index(table['schema']['primaryKey'])
-    if len(df.index.names) == 1:
-        if df.index.name == 'index':
-            df.index.name = None
-    else:
-        df.index.names = [None if x.startswith('level_') else x for x in
-                          df.index.names]
+    if 'primaryKey' in table['schema']:
+        df = df.set_index(table['schema']['primaryKey'])
+        if len(df.index.names) == 1:
+            if df.index.name == 'index':
+                df.index.name = None
+        else:
+            df.index.names = [None if x.startswith('level_') else x for x in
+                              df.index.names]
 
     return df
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
index c5fcb9fb0f672..0ffc8c978a228 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
@@ -1262,3 +1262,13 @@ def test_index_false_error_to_json(self, orient):
                "'orient' is 'split' or 'table'")
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
             df.to_json(orient=orient, index=False)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('orient', ['split', 'table'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('index', [True, False])
+    def test_index_false_from_json_to_json(self, orient, index):
+        # GH25170
+        # Test index=False in from_json to_json
+        expected = DataFrame({'a': [1, 2], 'b': [3, 4]})
+        dfjson = expected.to_json(orient=orient, index=index)
+        result = read_json(dfjson, orient=orient)
+        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)