trace.go

// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package trace // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"

	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/codes"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace/embedded"
)

const (
	// FlagsSampled is a bitmask with the sampled bit set. A SpanContext
	// with the sampling bit set means the span is sampled.
	FlagsSampled = TraceFlags(0x01)

	errInvalidHexID errorConst = "trace-id and span-id can only contain [0-9a-f] characters, all lowercase"

	errInvalidTraceIDLength errorConst = "hex encoded trace-id must have length equals to 32"
	errNilTraceID           errorConst = "trace-id can't be all zero"

	errInvalidSpanIDLength errorConst = "hex encoded span-id must have length equals to 16"
	errNilSpanID           errorConst = "span-id can't be all zero"
)

type errorConst string

func (e errorConst) Error() string {
	return string(e)
}

// TraceID is a unique identity of a trace.
// nolint:revive // revive complains about stutter of `trace.TraceID`.
type TraceID [16]byte

var (
	nilTraceID TraceID
	_          json.Marshaler = nilTraceID
)

// IsValid checks whether the trace TraceID is valid. A valid trace ID does
// not consist of zeros only.
func (t TraceID) IsValid() bool {
	return !bytes.Equal(t[:], nilTraceID[:])
}

// MarshalJSON implements a custom marshal function to encode TraceID
// as a hex string.
func (t TraceID) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(t.String())
}

// String returns the hex string representation form of a TraceID.
func (t TraceID) String() string {
	return hex.EncodeToString(t[:])
}

// SpanID is a unique identity of a span in a trace.
type SpanID [8]byte

var (
	nilSpanID SpanID
	_         json.Marshaler = nilSpanID
)

// IsValid checks whether the SpanID is valid. A valid SpanID does not consist
// of zeros only.
func (s SpanID) IsValid() bool {
	return !bytes.Equal(s[:], nilSpanID[:])
}

// MarshalJSON implements a custom marshal function to encode SpanID
// as a hex string.
func (s SpanID) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(s.String())
}

// String returns the hex string representation form of a SpanID.
func (s SpanID) String() string {
	return hex.EncodeToString(s[:])
}

// TraceIDFromHex returns a TraceID from a hex string if it is compliant with
// the W3C trace-context specification.  See more at
// https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context/#trace-id
// nolint:revive // revive complains about stutter of `trace.TraceIDFromHex`.
func TraceIDFromHex(h string) (TraceID, error) {
	t := TraceID{}
	if len(h) != 32 {
		return t, errInvalidTraceIDLength
	}

	if err := decodeHex(h, t[:]); err != nil {
		return t, err
	}

	if !t.IsValid() {
		return t, errNilTraceID
	}
	return t, nil
}

// SpanIDFromHex returns a SpanID from a hex string if it is compliant
// with the w3c trace-context specification.
// See more at https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context/#parent-id
func SpanIDFromHex(h string) (SpanID, error) {
	s := SpanID{}
	if len(h) != 16 {
		return s, errInvalidSpanIDLength
	}

	if err := decodeHex(h, s[:]); err != nil {
		return s, err
	}

	if !s.IsValid() {
		return s, errNilSpanID
	}
	return s, nil
}

func decodeHex(h string, b []byte) error {
	for _, r := range h {
		switch {
		case 'a' <= r && r <= 'f':
			continue
		case '0' <= r && r <= '9':
			continue
		default:
			return errInvalidHexID
		}
	}

	decoded, err := hex.DecodeString(h)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	copy(b, decoded)
	return nil
}

// TraceFlags contains flags that can be set on a SpanContext.
type TraceFlags byte //nolint:revive // revive complains about stutter of `trace.TraceFlags`.

// IsSampled returns if the sampling bit is set in the TraceFlags.
func (tf TraceFlags) IsSampled() bool {
	return tf&FlagsSampled == FlagsSampled
}

// WithSampled sets the sampling bit in a new copy of the TraceFlags.
func (tf TraceFlags) WithSampled(sampled bool) TraceFlags { // nolint:revive  // sampled is not a control flag.
	if sampled {
		return tf | FlagsSampled
	}

	return tf &^ FlagsSampled
}

// MarshalJSON implements a custom marshal function to encode TraceFlags
// as a hex string.
func (tf TraceFlags) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(tf.String())
}

// String returns the hex string representation form of TraceFlags.
func (tf TraceFlags) String() string {
	return hex.EncodeToString([]byte{byte(tf)}[:])
}

// SpanContextConfig contains mutable fields usable for constructing
// an immutable SpanContext.
type SpanContextConfig struct {
	TraceID    TraceID
	SpanID     SpanID
	TraceFlags TraceFlags
	TraceState TraceState
	Remote     bool
}

// NewSpanContext constructs a SpanContext using values from the provided
// SpanContextConfig.
func NewSpanContext(config SpanContextConfig) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    config.TraceID,
		spanID:     config.SpanID,
		traceFlags: config.TraceFlags,
		traceState: config.TraceState,
		remote:     config.Remote,
	}
}

// SpanContext contains identifying trace information about a Span.
type SpanContext struct {
	traceID    TraceID
	spanID     SpanID
	traceFlags TraceFlags
	traceState TraceState
	remote     bool
}

var _ json.Marshaler = SpanContext{}

// IsValid returns if the SpanContext is valid. A valid span context has a
// valid TraceID and SpanID.
func (sc SpanContext) IsValid() bool {
	return sc.HasTraceID() && sc.HasSpanID()
}

// IsRemote indicates whether the SpanContext represents a remotely-created Span.
func (sc SpanContext) IsRemote() bool {
	return sc.remote
}

// WithRemote returns a copy of sc with the Remote property set to remote.
func (sc SpanContext) WithRemote(remote bool) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    sc.traceID,
		spanID:     sc.spanID,
		traceFlags: sc.traceFlags,
		traceState: sc.traceState,
		remote:     remote,
	}
}

// TraceID returns the TraceID from the SpanContext.
func (sc SpanContext) TraceID() TraceID {
	return sc.traceID
}

// HasTraceID checks if the SpanContext has a valid TraceID.
func (sc SpanContext) HasTraceID() bool {
	return sc.traceID.IsValid()
}

// WithTraceID returns a new SpanContext with the TraceID replaced.
func (sc SpanContext) WithTraceID(traceID TraceID) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    traceID,
		spanID:     sc.spanID,
		traceFlags: sc.traceFlags,
		traceState: sc.traceState,
		remote:     sc.remote,
	}
}

// SpanID returns the SpanID from the SpanContext.
func (sc SpanContext) SpanID() SpanID {
	return sc.spanID
}

// HasSpanID checks if the SpanContext has a valid SpanID.
func (sc SpanContext) HasSpanID() bool {
	return sc.spanID.IsValid()
}

// WithSpanID returns a new SpanContext with the SpanID replaced.
func (sc SpanContext) WithSpanID(spanID SpanID) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    sc.traceID,
		spanID:     spanID,
		traceFlags: sc.traceFlags,
		traceState: sc.traceState,
		remote:     sc.remote,
	}
}

// TraceFlags returns the flags from the SpanContext.
func (sc SpanContext) TraceFlags() TraceFlags {
	return sc.traceFlags
}

// IsSampled returns if the sampling bit is set in the SpanContext's TraceFlags.
func (sc SpanContext) IsSampled() bool {
	return sc.traceFlags.IsSampled()
}

// WithTraceFlags returns a new SpanContext with the TraceFlags replaced.
func (sc SpanContext) WithTraceFlags(flags TraceFlags) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    sc.traceID,
		spanID:     sc.spanID,
		traceFlags: flags,
		traceState: sc.traceState,
		remote:     sc.remote,
	}
}

// TraceState returns the TraceState from the SpanContext.
func (sc SpanContext) TraceState() TraceState {
	return sc.traceState
}

// WithTraceState returns a new SpanContext with the TraceState replaced.
func (sc SpanContext) WithTraceState(state TraceState) SpanContext {
	return SpanContext{
		traceID:    sc.traceID,
		spanID:     sc.spanID,
		traceFlags: sc.traceFlags,
		traceState: state,
		remote:     sc.remote,
	}
}

// Equal is a predicate that determines whether two SpanContext values are equal.
func (sc SpanContext) Equal(other SpanContext) bool {
	return sc.traceID == other.traceID &&
		sc.spanID == other.spanID &&
		sc.traceFlags == other.traceFlags &&
		sc.traceState.String() == other.traceState.String() &&
		sc.remote == other.remote
}

// MarshalJSON implements a custom marshal function to encode a SpanContext.
func (sc SpanContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(SpanContextConfig{
		TraceID:    sc.traceID,
		SpanID:     sc.spanID,
		TraceFlags: sc.traceFlags,
		TraceState: sc.traceState,
		Remote:     sc.remote,
	})
}

// Span is the individual component of a trace. It represents a single named
// and timed operation of a workflow that is traced. A Tracer is used to
// create a Span and it is then up to the operation the Span represents to
// properly end the Span when the operation itself ends.
//
// Warning: Methods may be added to this interface in minor releases. See
// package documentation on API implementation for information on how to set
// default behavior for unimplemented methods.
type Span interface {
	// Users of the interface can ignore this. This embedded type is only used
	// by implementations of this interface. See the "API Implementations"
	// section of the package documentation for more information.
	embedded.Span

	// End completes the Span. The Span is considered complete and ready to be
	// delivered through the rest of the telemetry pipeline after this method
	// is called. Therefore, updates to the Span are not allowed after this
	// method has been called.
	End(options ...SpanEndOption)

	// AddEvent adds an event with the provided name and options.
	AddEvent(name string, options ...EventOption)

	// IsRecording returns the recording state of the Span. It will return
	// true if the Span is active and events can be recorded.
	IsRecording() bool

	// RecordError will record err as an exception span event for this span. An
	// additional call to SetStatus is required if the Status of the Span should
	// be set to Error, as this method does not change the Span status. If this
	// span is not being recorded or err is nil then this method does nothing.
	RecordError(err error, options ...EventOption)

	// SpanContext returns the SpanContext of the Span. The returned SpanContext
	// is usable even after the End method has been called for the Span.
	SpanContext() SpanContext

	// SetStatus sets the status of the Span in the form of a code and a
	// description, provided the status hasn't already been set to a higher
	// value before (OK > Error > Unset). The description is only included in a
	// status when the code is for an error.
	SetStatus(code codes.Code, description string)

	// SetName sets the Span name.
	SetName(name string)

	// SetAttributes sets kv as attributes of the Span. If a key from kv
	// already exists for an attribute of the Span it will be overwritten with
	// the value contained in kv.
	SetAttributes(kv ...attribute.KeyValue)

	// TracerProvider returns a TracerProvider that can be used to generate
	// additional Spans on the same telemetry pipeline as the current Span.
	TracerProvider() TracerProvider
}

// Link is the relationship between two Spans. The relationship can be within
// the same Trace or across different Traces.
//
// For example, a Link is used in the following situations:
//
//  1. Batch Processing: A batch of operations may contain operations
//     associated with one or more traces/spans. Since there can only be one
//     parent SpanContext, a Link is used to keep reference to the
//     SpanContext of all operations in the batch.
//  2. Public Endpoint: A SpanContext for an in incoming client request on a
//     public endpoint should be considered untrusted. In such a case, a new
//     trace with its own identity and sampling decision needs to be created,
//     but this new trace needs to be related to the original trace in some
//     form. A Link is used to keep reference to the original SpanContext and
//     track the relationship.
type Link struct {
	// SpanContext of the linked Span.
	SpanContext SpanContext

	// Attributes describe the aspects of the link.
	Attributes []attribute.KeyValue
}

// LinkFromContext returns a link encapsulating the SpanContext in the provided ctx.
func LinkFromContext(ctx context.Context, attrs ...attribute.KeyValue) Link {
	return Link{
		SpanContext: SpanContextFromContext(ctx),
		Attributes:  attrs,
	}
}

// SpanKind is the role a Span plays in a Trace.
type SpanKind int

// As a convenience, these match the proto definition, see
// https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-proto/blob/30d237e1ff3ab7aa50e0922b5bebdd93505090af/opentelemetry/proto/trace/v1/trace.proto#L101-L129
//
// The unspecified value is not a valid `SpanKind`. Use `ValidateSpanKind()`
// to coerce a span kind to a valid value.
const (
	// SpanKindUnspecified is an unspecified SpanKind and is not a valid
	// SpanKind. SpanKindUnspecified should be replaced with SpanKindInternal
	// if it is received.
	SpanKindUnspecified SpanKind = 0
	// SpanKindInternal is a SpanKind for a Span that represents an internal
	// operation within an application.
	SpanKindInternal SpanKind = 1
	// SpanKindServer is a SpanKind for a Span that represents the operation
	// of handling a request from a client.
	SpanKindServer SpanKind = 2
	// SpanKindClient is a SpanKind for a Span that represents the operation
	// of client making a request to a server.
	SpanKindClient SpanKind = 3
	// SpanKindProducer is a SpanKind for a Span that represents the operation
	// of a producer sending a message to a message broker. Unlike
	// SpanKindClient and SpanKindServer, there is often no direct
	// relationship between this kind of Span and a SpanKindConsumer kind. A
	// SpanKindProducer Span will end once the message is accepted by the
	// message broker which might not overlap with the processing of that
	// message.
	SpanKindProducer SpanKind = 4
	// SpanKindConsumer is a SpanKind for a Span that represents the operation
	// of a consumer receiving a message from a message broker. Like
	// SpanKindProducer Spans, there is often no direct relationship between
	// this Span and the Span that produced the message.
	SpanKindConsumer SpanKind = 5
)

// ValidateSpanKind returns a valid span kind value.  This will coerce
// invalid values into the default value, SpanKindInternal.
func ValidateSpanKind(spanKind SpanKind) SpanKind {
	switch spanKind {
	case SpanKindInternal,
		SpanKindServer,
		SpanKindClient,
		SpanKindProducer,
		SpanKindConsumer:
		// valid
		return spanKind
	default:
		return SpanKindInternal
	}
}

// String returns the specified name of the SpanKind in lower-case.
func (sk SpanKind) String() string {
	switch sk {
	case SpanKindInternal:
		return "internal"
	case SpanKindServer:
		return "server"
	case SpanKindClient:
		return "client"
	case SpanKindProducer:
		return "producer"
	case SpanKindConsumer:
		return "consumer"
	default:
		return "unspecified"
	}
}

// Tracer is the creator of Spans.
//
// Warning: Methods may be added to this interface in minor releases. See
// package documentation on API implementation for information on how to set
// default behavior for unimplemented methods.
type Tracer interface {
	// Users of the interface can ignore this. This embedded type is only used
	// by implementations of this interface. See the "API Implementations"
	// section of the package documentation for more information.
	embedded.Tracer

	// Start creates a span and a context.Context containing the newly-created span.
	//
	// If the context.Context provided in `ctx` contains a Span then the newly-created
	// Span will be a child of that span, otherwise it will be a root span. This behavior
	// can be overridden by providing `WithNewRoot()` as a SpanOption, causing the
	// newly-created Span to be a root span even if `ctx` contains a Span.
	//
	// When creating a Span it is recommended to provide all known span attributes using
	// the `WithAttributes()` SpanOption as samplers will only have access to the
	// attributes provided when a Span is created.
	//
	// Any Span that is created MUST also be ended. This is the responsibility of the user.
	// Implementations of this API may leak memory or other resources if Spans are not ended.
	Start(ctx context.Context, spanName string, opts ...SpanStartOption) (context.Context, Span)
}

// TracerProvider provides Tracers that are used by instrumentation code to
// trace computational workflows.
//
// A TracerProvider is the collection destination of all Spans from Tracers it
// provides, it represents a unique telemetry collection pipeline. How that
// pipeline is defined, meaning how those Spans are collected, processed, and
// where they are exported, depends on its implementation. Instrumentation
// authors do not need to define this implementation, rather just use the
// provided Tracers to instrument code.
//
// Commonly, instrumentation code will accept a TracerProvider implementation
// at runtime from its users or it can simply use the globally registered one
// (see https://pkg.go.dev/go.opentelemetry.io/otel#GetTracerProvider).
//
// Warning: Methods may be added to this interface in minor releases. See
// package documentation on API implementation for information on how to set
// default behavior for unimplemented methods.
type TracerProvider interface {
	// Users of the interface can ignore this. This embedded type is only used
	// by implementations of this interface. See the "API Implementations"
	// section of the package documentation for more information.
	embedded.TracerProvider

	// Tracer returns a unique Tracer scoped to be used by instrumentation code
	// to trace computational workflows. The scope and identity of that
	// instrumentation code is uniquely defined by the name and options passed.
	//
	// The passed name needs to uniquely identify instrumentation code.
	// Therefore, it is recommended that name is the Go package name of the
	// library providing instrumentation (note: not the code being
	// instrumented). Instrumentation libraries can have multiple versions,
	// therefore, the WithInstrumentationVersion option should be used to
	// distinguish these different codebases. Additionally, instrumentation
	// libraries may sometimes use traces to communicate different domains of
	// workflow data (i.e. using spans to communicate workflow events only). If
	// this is the case, the WithScopeAttributes option should be used to
	// uniquely identify Tracers that handle the different domains of workflow
	// data.
	//
	// If the same name and options are passed multiple times, the same Tracer
	// will be returned (it is up to the implementation if this will be the
	// same underlying instance of that Tracer or not). It is not necessary to
	// call this multiple times with the same name and options to get an
	// up-to-date Tracer. All implementations will ensure any TracerProvider
	// configuration changes are propagated to all provided Tracers.
	//
	// If name is empty, then an implementation defined default name will be
	// used instead.
	//
	// This method is safe to call concurrently.
	Tracer(name string, options ...TracerOption) Tracer
}